{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:36:08Z","timestamp":1776875768703,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018205","name":"National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018205","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Extending the Diachronic Corpus through an Open Co-construction Environment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The words produced by characters play a pivotal role in the narrative. They serve not only to elucidate the thoughts and feelings of characters but also to help understand gender ideology and social norms. This article examines emotive adjectives produced by the characters in The Tale of Genji, the oldest extant Japanese novel, exploring how they are used among the characters, particularly between genders as well as different social groups. In this study, we employ a quantitative method known as correspondence analysis, which is enabled by the recent release of the speaker information for the tale by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. The resulting correspondence plot that we obtain from analysis indicates that gender, as well as social groups, influence the linguistic choices made in expressing emotions and feelings. In addition, we find that the differences in the use of the emotive adjectives correspond to gender norms embodied in the short poems included in The Kokin Wakashuu, the first imperial anthology of poetry. This article thus presents a case study that illustrates how quantitative analysis can contribute to not only gaining insights into understanding the language in that time but also how word choices contribute to creating characters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqaf116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T11:55:50Z","timestamp":1758974150000},"page":"i284-i293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Words shape characters: a case study of correspondence analysis on characters\u2019 words in\n                    <i>The Tale of Genji<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ayano","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Japanese Literature , Tokyo 1900014,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshinobu","family":"Ogiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics , Tokyo 1908561,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B1","volume-title":"Genji Monogatari Jiten [The Encyclopedia of The Tale of Genji]","author":"Akiyama","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.63744\/eyjs4nq7gduu","article-title":"\u2018Gender, Race, and Nationality in Black Drama, 1950-2006: Mining Differences in Language Use in Authors and their Characters\u2019","volume":"3","author":"Argamon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Digital Humanities Quarterly"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B3","volume-title":"Computation into Criticism: A Study of Jane Austen\u2019s Novels and an Experiment in Method","author":"Burrows","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B4","volume-title":"Onna no Kotoba no Bunkashi [The Cultural History of Women\u2019s Language].","author":"Endo","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B5","volume-title":"Correspondence Analysis in Practice","author":"Greenacre","year":"2021","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2307\/2348490","article-title":"\u2018Practical and Innovative Uses of Correspondence Analysis\u2019","volume":"40","author":"Higgs","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Statistician"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B7","volume-title":"Kodai Chuusei no Josei to Bukkyoo [Women and Buddhism in Ancient and Medieval Times]","author":"Katsuura","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B8","volume-title":"Kodai Kooki Wakabungaku no Kenkyuu [A Study of Short Poems in the Late Ancient Times]","author":"Kondo","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B9","volume-title":"Oocho Kizoku Shakai no Josei to Gengo [Women and Language in the Aristocratic Society]","author":"Morino","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B10","volume-title":"The Tale of Genji, Trans. E. G. Seidensticker","author":"Shikibu","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B11","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Nihongo to Gender [The Japanese Language and Gender]","author":"Sato","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqac092","article-title":"\u2018Stylometric Analysis of Characters in Shakespeare\u2019s Plays\u2019","volume":"38","author":"Savoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B13","volume-title":"The Languages of Japan","author":"Shibatani","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B14","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15084\/00003661","article-title":"CHJ-HEIAN_SpeakerInfo_v10 (Version 1.0) [Dataset]","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"The National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics."},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B16","first-page":"22","article-title":"New Speaker Information Added to Heian Literary Works in the Corpus of Historical Japanese and Its Case Study","volume":"2022","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IPSJ Symposium Series"},{"key":"2026042211362643800_fqaf116-B17","author":"The National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/41\/Supplement_1\/i284\/65483496\/fqaf116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/41\/Supplement_1\/i284\/65483496\/fqaf116.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:36:35Z","timestamp":1776872195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article\/41\/Supplement_1\/i284\/8340516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqaf116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7671","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-768X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]}}}