{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:02:41Z","timestamp":1780455761997,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["22JZD032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JZD032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rock art is universally recognized as a significant cultural heritage. However, resources dedicated to its research remain insufficient, leading to a lack of sustained attention and conservation efforts. As immovable cultural relics, numerous rock art sites across China and the globe have yet to be discovered, documented, studied, or made publicly accessible, with fundamental classification work still pending. And a substantial amount of rock art is located in mountainous areas, gullies, or on cliffs, making on-site manual identification and classification challenging. Furthermore, even when working with collected image datasets, the task of applying objective and consistent classification standards across large volumes of materials is notoriously difficult. Emerging digital humanities methods facilitate the automation and intellectualization of certain research steps, providing relatively objective, convenient, and efficient basic classification measures. This study focuses on the Yinshan rock art, employing deep learning algorithms to conduct a classification experiment. The results show a test set classification accuracy of approximately 80% and an overall F1-score exceeding 78%, validating the feasibility of digital humanities approaches in rock art studies. Future applications of digital humanities in this field promise to be even more diverse, encompassing tasks such as object detection and recognition in rock art, and the construction of knowledge graphs. These methods can offer new perspectives for the preservation and cultural transmission of rock art, thereby enriching research on Chinese rock art.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqag033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T23:20:13Z","timestamp":1774740013000},"page":"1050-1067","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep learning-based classification of Yinshan rock art and future research directions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7640-8131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science, , Xi'an, 710127,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Northwest University Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Humanities for Cultural Heritage, , Xi'an, 710127,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Hong","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science, , Xi'an, 710127,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Northwest University Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Humanities for Cultural Heritage, , Xi'an, 710127,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science, , Xi'an, 710127,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Northwest University Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Humanities for Cultural Heritage, , Xi'an, 710127,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"World Rock Art: The Primordial Language","author":"Anati","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Retrieving Images from IIIF Medieval Manuscripts Using Deep Learning","volume":"2023","author":"Aouinti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digital Humanities"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-022-00857-5","article-title":"BEGL: Boundary Enhancement with Gaussian Loss for Rock-Art Image Segmentation","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heritage Science"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B4","first-page":"79","article-title":"Stranger than Fiction: Distinguishing between Anthropogenic and Non-Anthropogenic Rock Markings","volume":"2","author":"Bednarik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Rock Art"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Rock Art Image Classification of Helan Mountain Based on Dual-Branch Attention Fusion Network","volume":"53","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition)"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B6","first-page":"770","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10816-021-09518-6","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence, 3D Documentation, and Rock Art: Approaching and Reflecting on the Automation of Identification and Classification of Rock Art Images","volume":"29","author":"Horn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s40494-025-01620-2","article-title":"Using the Improved YOLOv7-Seg Model to Segment Symbols from Rock Art Images","volume":"13","author":"Huo","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Heritage Science"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2022.105629","article-title":"On the Use of Machine Learning Methods in Rock Art Research with Application to Automatic Painted Rock Art Identification","volume":"144","author":"Jalandoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B10","first-page":"372","article-title":"Faster R-CNN-Based Object Detection for Helan Mountain Rock Art","volume":"21","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ningxia Engineering Technology"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/03122417.2021.1895481","article-title":"Reconstructing Rock Art Chronology with Transfer Learning: A Case Study from Arnhem Land, Australia","volume":"87","author":"Kowlessar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australian Archaeology"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B12","volume-title":"Commentary on the Water Classic","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B13","first-page":"916","article-title":"Fine-Grained Image Classification Based on Vision Transformer","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computer Engineering and Design"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.19651\/j.cnki.emt.2417412","article-title":"DR-IFMM-Based Inpainting for Rock-Art Images","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronic Measurement Technology"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B15","first-page":"104","article-title":"Recognition of Oracle-Bone Radicals and Compound Characters Based on Deep Learning","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science Edition)"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2022.02.003","article-title":"ERA: A New, Fast, Machine-Learning-Based Software to Document Rock Paintings","volume":"58","author":"Monna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Posner","year":"2016","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctt1cn6thb.6"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B18","volume-title":"A New Companion to Digital Humanities","author":"Schreibman","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B19","volume-title":"Digital Humanities for Rock Art Cultural Heritage Protection","author":"Shu","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.16152\/j.cnki.xdxbsk.2022-05-004","article-title":"Digital Fuzzy Recognition of Rock-Art Graphic Symbols: A Case Study of Damaidi, Ningxia","volume":"52","author":"Shu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Northwest University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.34069\/AI\/2024.75.03.22","article-title":"Cultural Preservation and Digital Heritage: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"14","author":"Siliutina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Revista Amazonia Investiga"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B22","author":"Simonyan","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.03.026","article-title":"Markerless Detection of Ancient Rock Carvings in the Wild: rock Art in Vathy, Astypalaia","volume":"135","author":"Tsigkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226612973.001.0001","volume-title":"Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change","author":"Underwood","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B25","first-page":"26","article-title":"Application of Pattern Recognition in the Study of Human-Face Rock Art in Helan Mountain","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Gansu Open University"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7508\/jra.01.2024.20.26","article-title":"Analysis of Similarity and Image Recognition of Human-Face Rock Arts in Helan Mountain","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Rock Art"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B27","first-page":"130","article-title":"Detection of Hollow-Sound Boundaries in Rock Art Based on Thermal Infrared Imaging","volume":"62","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laser & Optoelectronics Progress"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B28","author":"Wu","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.7508\/jra.01.2025.63.71","article-title":"A Study on the Archaeological Chronology and Iconographic Types of Human-Faces Petroglyphs in the Xiliao River Basin","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Rock Art"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B30","first-page":"55","article-title":"A Deep-Learning-Based Method for the Restoration of Xinjiang Murals","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Modern Electronic Technology"},{"key":"2026060222084568700_fqag033-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.13965\/j.cnki.gzmzyj10026959.2022.01.022","article-title":"Opportunities and Challenges: Chinese Rock Art in the Perspective of Digital Humanities","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Guizhou Ethnic Studies"}],"container-title":["Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/41\/2\/1050\/67632456\/fqag033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/41\/2\/1050\/67632456\/fqag033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:09:11Z","timestamp":1780452551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article\/41\/2\/1050\/8554299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqag033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7671","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-768X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]}}}