{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T04:12:19Z","timestamp":1690258339229},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Explainable Artificial Intelligence systems, including intelligent agents, are expected to explain their internal decisions, behaviors and reasoning that produce their choices to the humans (or to other systems) with which they interact. Given this context, the aim of this article is to introduce a practical reasoning agent framework that supports generation of explanations about the goals the agent committed to. Firstly, we present an argumentation-based formalization for supporting goal reasoning. This is based on the belief-based goal processing model proposed by Castelfranchi and Paglieri, which is a more granular and refined model than the Beliefs\u2013Desires\u2013Intentions model. We focus on the dynamics of goals since they are desires until they become intentions, including the conditions under which a goal can be cancelled. We use formal argumentation reasoning to support the passage of the goals from their initial state until their final state. Secondly, in order that agents based on the proposed formalization be able to generate explanations about the goals they decided to commit to, we endow them with a mechanism for generating both complete and partial explanations. Finally, we use a scenario of rescue robots in order to illustrate the performance of our proposal, for which a simulator was developed to support the agents goal reasoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/exac052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T07:48:41Z","timestamp":1662450521000},"page":"984-1021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Argumentation-Based Approach for Goal Reasoning and Explanations Generation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Mariela","family":"Morveli-Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CPGEI-UTFPR, 80230-901 Curitiba , Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University , 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar Augusto","family":"Tacla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPGEI-UTFPR, 80230-901 Curitiba , Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrique M R","family":"Jasinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPGEI-UTFPR, 80230-901 Curitiba , Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.11.006","article-title":"Using arguments for making and explaining decisions","volume":"173","author":"Amgoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref2","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Explainable agents and robots: results from a systematic literature review","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems","author":"Anjomshoae","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref3","first-page":"21","article-title":"Explainability of formal models of argumentation applied to legal domain","author":"Araszkiewicz","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref4","volume-title":"Intention, Plans, and Practical Reasoning","author":"Bratman","year":"1987"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/exab089","article-title":"Arg2P: an argumentation framework for explainable intelligent systems","volume":"32","author":"Calegari","year":"01 2022","journal-title":"Journal of Logic and Computation"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2007.02.003","article-title":"On the evaluation of argumentation formalisms","volume":"171","author":"Caminada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-006-9156-3","article-title":"The role of beliefs in goal dynamics: prolegomena to a constructive theory of intentions","volume":"155","author":"Castelfranchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref8","first-page":"2407","article-title":"Assumption-based argumentation: disputes, explanations, preferences","volume":"4","author":"Cyras","year":"2017","journal-title":"IFCoLog Journal of Logics and Their Applications"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/600","article-title":"Argumentative XAI: a survey","author":"\u010cyras","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref10","article-title":"Learning from exploration: towards an explainable goal reasoning agent","author":"Dannenhauer","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)00041-X","article-title":"On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming and n-person games","volume":"77","author":"Dung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98197-0_10","article-title":"Assumption-based argumentation","volume-title":"Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Dung","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref13","first-page":"344","article-title":"On generating explainable plans with assumption-based argumentation","volume-title":"International Conference on Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems","author":"Fan","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref14","article-title":"Explainable decision making with lean and argumentative explanations","author":"Fan","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.12.036","article-title":"Formalizing dialectical explanation support for argument-based reasoning in knowledge-based systems","volume":"40","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068403001674","article-title":"Defeasible logic programming: an argumentative approach","volume":"4","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/19462166.2013.869767","article-title":"Defeasible logic programming: Delp-servers, contextual queries, and explanations for answers","volume":"5","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Argument and Computation"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3233\/AAC-160004","article-title":"An activity-centric argumentation framework for assistive technology aimed at improving health","volume":"7","author":"Guerrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Argument and Computation"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3233\/AAC-160004","article-title":"An activity-centric argumentation framework for assistive technology aimed at improving health","volume":"7","author":"Guerrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Argument and Computation"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/00207721.2011.626902","article-title":"Autonomous mission management for UAVs using soar intelligent agents","volume":"44","author":"Gunetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Systems Science"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref21","article-title":"Practical aspects of theoretical reasoning","author":"Harman","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Rationality"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref22","first-page":"86","article-title":"Koen V Hindriks and M Birna Van Riemsdijk. Satisfying maintenance goals","volume-title":"International Workshop on Declarative Agent Languages and Technologies","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref23","article-title":"Argagent: a simulator of goal processing for argumentative agents","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Models of Argument (COMMA)","author":"Jasinski","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref24","first-page":"389","article-title":"Artificial\nintelligence: the global landscape of ethics guidelines","volume-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence","author":"Jobin","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref25","first-page":"242","article-title":"Progressive defeat paths in abstract argumentation frameworks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 4013","author":"Martinez","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/19462166.2013.869766","article-title":"The ASPIC+ framework for structured argumentation: a tutorial","volume":"5","author":"Modgil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Argument and Computation"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2018.10.015","article-title":"An argumentation-based approach for identifying and dealing with incompatibilities among procedural goals","volume":"105","author":"Morveli-Espinoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61380-8_4","article-title":"An argumentation-based approach for explaining goals selection in intelligent agents","volume-title":"Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems","author":"Morveli-Espinoza","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref29","first-page":"388","article-title":"Deliberative argumentation for service provision in smart environments","volume-title":"European Conference on Multi-Agent Systems","author":"Nieves","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103506","article-title":"Argumentative explanations for interactive recommendations","volume":"296","author":"Rago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1145\/1160633.1160696","article-title":"An argumentation based approach for practical reasoning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems","author":"Rahwan","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref32","first-page":"312","article-title":"BDI agents: from theory to practice","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95)","author":"Rao","year":"1995"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref33","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Culture-based explainable human-agent deconfliction","volume-title":"International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems","author":"Raymond","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.9785\/cri-2019-200402","article-title":"The eu approach to ethics guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence","volume":"20","author":"Smuha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computer Law Review International"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888921000011","article-title":"Argumentation and explainable artificial intelligence: a survey","volume":"36","author":"Vassiliades","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref36","first-page":"470","article-title":"Declarative & procedural goals in intelligent agent systems","volume":"2002","author":"Winikoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"KR"},{"key":"2023072417264750200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-018-9396-x","article-title":"A dialogue-based approach for dealing with uncertain and conflicting information in medical diagnosis","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"}],"container-title":["Journal of Logic and Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/logcom\/article-pdf\/33\/5\/984\/50948111\/exac052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/logcom\/article-pdf\/33\/5\/984\/50948111\/exac052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T17:27:18Z","timestamp":1690219638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/logcom\/article\/33\/5\/984\/6661105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/logcom\/exac052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0955-792X","1465-363X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0955-792X","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-363X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]}}}