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Due to the limitations of direct measurement methods, computational algorithms are often used to infer immune cell composition from bulk tumor transcriptome profiles. These estimated tumor immune infiltrate populations have been associated with genomic and transcriptomic changes in the tumors, providing insight into tumor\u2013immune interactions. However, such investigations on large-scale public data remain challenging. To lower the barriers for the analysis of complex tumor\u2013immune interactions, we significantly improved our previous web platform TIMER. Instead of just using one algorithm, TIMER2.0 (http:\/\/timer.cistrome.org\/) provides more robust estimation of immune infiltration levels for The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) or user-provided tumor profiles using six state-of-the-art algorithms. TIMER2.0 provides four modules for investigating the associations between immune infiltrates and genetic or clinical features, and four modules for exploring cancer-related associations in the TCGA cohorts. Each module can generate a functional heatmap table, enabling the user to easily identify significant associations in multiple cancer types simultaneously. Overall, the TIMER2.0 web server provides comprehensive analysis and visualization functions of tumor infiltrating immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T11:06:54Z","timestamp":1589713614000},"page":"W509-W514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4349,"title":["TIMER2.0 for analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7940-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxin","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zexian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4736-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"X Shirley","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Sciences, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. 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