{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:47:08Z","timestamp":1773193628188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"D1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI-1933521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-1933521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-8042-9-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-8042-9-089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008114","name":"UNL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-YIN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-YIN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRISPR\u2013Cas is an anti-viral mechanism of prokaryotes that has been widely adopted for genome editing. To make CRISPR\u2013Cas genome editing more controllable and safer to use, anti-CRISPR proteins have been recently exploited to prevent excessive\/prolonged Cas nuclease cleavage. Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins are encoded by (pro)phages\/(pro)viruses, and have the ability to inhibit their host's CRISPR\u2013Cas systems. We have built an online database AcrDB (http:\/\/bcb.unl.edu\/AcrDB) by scanning \u223c19 000 genomes of prokaryotes and viruses with AcrFinder, a recently developed Acr-Aca (Acr-associated regulator) operon prediction program. Proteins in Acr-Aca operons were further processed by two machine learning-based programs (AcRanker and PaCRISPR) to obtain numerical scores\/ranks. Compared to other anti-CRISPR databases, AcrDB has the following unique features: (i) It is a genome-scale database with the largest collection of data (39 799 Acr-Aca operons containing Aca or Acr homologs); (ii) It offers a user-friendly web interface with various functions for browsing, graphically viewing, searching, and batch downloading Acr-Aca operons; (iii) It focuses on the genomic context of Acr and Aca candidates instead of individual Acr protein family and (iv) It collects data with three independent programs each having a unique data mining algorithm for cross validation. AcrDB will be a valuable resource to the anti-CRISPR research community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T23:44:11Z","timestamp":1600818251000},"page":"D622-D629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["AcrDB: a database of anti-CRISPR operons in prokaryotes and viruses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Le","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Food for Health Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), PO Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5940-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Lithgow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fayyaz\u00a0ul\u00a0Amir\u00a0Afsar","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanbin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Food for Health Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021010313112179100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.009","article-title":"(Ph)ighting phages: how bacteria resist their parasites","volume":"25","author":"Rostol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2021010313112179100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201000071","article-title":"The phage-host arms race: shaping the evolution of microbes","volume":"33","author":"Stern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"2021010313112179100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0278-2","article-title":"The pan-immune system of bacteria: antiviral defence as a community resource","volume":"18","author":"Bernheim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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