{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:15:05Z","timestamp":1775067305537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"D1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2217030451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2217030451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21575128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21575128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81773632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["kq2014144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2014144"]}]},{"name":"Changsha Science and Technology Bureau","award":["kq2001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2001034"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LZ19H300001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ19H300001"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2020C03010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03010"]}]},{"name":"Leading Talent of \u2018Ten Thousand Plan\u2019-National High-Level Talents Special Support Plan"},{"name":"HKBU Strategic Development Fund","award":["SDF19-0402-P02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDF19-0402-P02"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","award":["2021BEG01001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BEG01001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Drug-drug interaction (DDI) can trigger many adverse effects in patients and has emerged as a threat to medicine and public health. Despite the continuous information accumulation of clinically significant DDIs, there are few open-access knowledge systems dedicated to the curation of DDI associations. To facilitate the clinicians to screen for dangerous drug combinations and improve health systems, we present DDInter, a curated DDI database with comprehensive data, practical medication guidance, intuitive function interface, and powerful visualization to the scientific community. Currently, DDInter contains about 0.24M DDI associations connecting 1833 approved drugs (1972 entities). Each drug is annotated with basic chemical and pharmacological information and its interaction network. For DDI associations, abundant and professional annotations are provided, including severity, mechanism description, strategies for managing potential side effects, alternative medications, etc. The drug entities and interaction entities are efficiently cross-linked. In addition to basic query and browsing, the prescription checking function is developed to facilitate clinicians to decide whether drugs combinations can be used safely. It can also be used for informatics-based DDI investigation and evaluation of other prediction frameworks. We hope that DDInter will prove useful in improving clinical decision-making and patient safety. DDInter is freely available, without registration, at http:\/\/ddinter.scbdd.com\/.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T11:09:12Z","timestamp":1631963352000},"page":"D1200-D1207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["DDInter: an online drug\u2013drug interaction database towards improving clinical decision-making and patient safety"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Guoli","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Zhijiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Jiacai","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Chengkun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China"}]},{"given":"Shao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7227-2580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingjun","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010507410945100_B1","article-title":"National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2009, Centers for Disease Control","volume-title":"National Center for Health Statistics","author":"Control, C.f.D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022010507410945100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1851","article-title":"Predicting in vivo drug interactions from in vitro drug discovery data","volume":"4","author":"Wienkers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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