{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T20:47:29Z","timestamp":1772570849998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"D1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Basic Science Center Program","award":["32288101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32288101"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32030020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32030020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31961130380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31961130380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program","award":["XDPB17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDPB17"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program","award":["XDB38000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB38000000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship","award":["NAF\\R1\\191094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAF\\R1\\191094"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2017SHZDZX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SHZDZX01"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project","award":["RS NAF\\R1\\191094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS NAF\\R1\\191094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, or the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is known for its extreme polymorphic nature and high heterogeneity. Taking advantage of whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing data, we developed PGG.MHC to provide a platform to explore the diversity of the MHC in Asia as well as in global populations. PGG.MHC currently archives high-resolution HLA alleles of 53 254 samples representing 190 populations spanning 66 countries. PGG.MHC provides: (i) high-quality allele frequencies for eight classical HLA loci (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DRB1, -DPA1 and -DPB1); (ii) visualization of population prevalence of HLA alleles on global, regional, and country-wide levels; (iii) haplotype structure of 134 populations; (iv) two online analysis tools including \u2018HLA imputation\u2019 for inferring HLA alleles from SNP genotyping data and \u2018HLA association\u2019 to perform case\/control studies for HLA-related phenotypes and (v) East Asian\u2013specific reference panels for HLA imputation. Equipped with high-quality frequency data and user-friendly computer tools, we expect that the PGG.MHC database can advance the understanding and facilitate applications of MHC genomic diversity in both evolutionary and medical studies. The PGG.MHC database is freely accessible via https:\/\/pog.fudan.edu.cn\/pggmhc or https:\/\/www.pggmhc.org\/pggmhc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T12:07:31Z","timestamp":1667390851000},"page":"D1102-D1108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>PGG<\/i>.MHC: toward understanding the diversity of major histocompatibility complexes in human populations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory\u00a0of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan\u00a0International Innovation Center, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of\u00a0Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China"}]},{"given":"Baonan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory\u00a0of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan\u00a0International Innovation Center, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}]},{"given":"Xuetong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory\u00a0of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}]},{"name":"The\u00a0Han100K Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory\u00a0of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan\u00a0International Innovation Center, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Department of Liver\u00a0Surgery and Transplantation Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010804344524300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232685","article-title":"Influence of HLA-C expression level on HIV control","volume":"340","author":"Apps","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023010804344524300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.02.001","article-title":"Genetic study confirms association of HLA-DPA1\u221701:03 subtype with ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27-positive populations","volume":"74","author":"D\u00edaz-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. 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