{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T23:31:12Z","timestamp":1772667072735,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,22]],"date-time":"2012-01-22T03:39:00Z","timestamp":1327203540000},"page":"302-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Molecular Clocks in Reptiles: Life History Influences Rate of Molecular Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lindell","family":"Bromham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-ALLEN1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen J., 1995 Separate sexes and the mitochondrial theory of ageing J. Theor. Biol180:135-140","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0089"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-AVISE1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avise J. C., 1994 Molecular markers, natural history and evolution Chapman & Hall, New York","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2381-9"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-BLEIWEISS1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleiweiss R., 1998 Relative-rate tests and biological causes of molecular evolution in hummingbirds Mol. Biol. Evol15:481-491","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025947"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-BRANCH1","unstructured":"Branch B., 1998 Field guide to snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa Ralph Curtis Books, Florida"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-BRITTEN1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britten R. J., 1986 Rates of DNA sequence evolution differ between taxonomic groups Science231:1393-1398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3082006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-BROMHAM1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bromham L., A. Rambaut, P. H. Harvey, 1996 Determinants of rate variation in mammalian DNA sequence evolution J. Mol. Evol43:610-621","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02202109"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-BROMHAM2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bromham L., A. Rambaut, M. D. Hendy, D. Penny, 2000 The power of relative rates tests depends on the data J. Mol. Evol50:296-301","DOI":"10.1007\/s002399910034"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-BULMER1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulmer M., K. Wolfe, P. M. Sharp, 1991 Synonymous nucleotide substitution rate in mammalian genes: implications for the molecular clock and the relationship of mammalian orders Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA88:5974-5978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.14.5974"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-CAMPBELL1","unstructured":"Campbell B. N., 1997 Hic Sunt Serpentes\u2014molecular phylogenetics and the Boidae (Serpentes: Booidea) Doctoral dissertation, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-CHANG1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang B. H.-J., L. C. Shimmin, S.-K. Shyue, D. Hewett-Emmett, W.-H. Li, 1994 Weak male-driven molecular evolution in rodents Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:827-831","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.2.827"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-CHAO1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao L., D. E. Carr, 1993 The molecular clock and the relationship between population size and generation time Evolution47:688-690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02124.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-CREE1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cree A., C. H. Daugherty, J. M. Hay, 1995 Reproduction of a rare New Zealand reptile, the Tuatara Sphenodon punctatus, on rat-free and rat-inhabited islands Conserv. Biol9:373-383","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.9020373.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-DONNELLAN1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnellan S. C., M. N. Hutchinson, K. M. Saint, 1999 Molecular evidence for the phylogeny of Australian gekkonid lizards Biol. J. Linn. Soc67:97-118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01932.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-EASTEAL1","unstructured":"Easteal S., C. Collett, 1994 Consistent variation in amino-acid substitution rate, despite uniformity of mutation rate: protein evolution in mammals is not neutral Mol. Biol. Evol11:643-647"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-EHRHART1","unstructured":"Ehrhart L. M., 1995 A review of sea turtle reproduction Pp. 29\u201338 in K. A. Bjorndal, ed. Biology and conservation of sea turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-ELLEGREN1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellegren H., A. K. Fridolfsson, 1997 Male-driven evolution of DNA sequences in birds Nature Genet17:182-184","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1097-182"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-ERNST1","unstructured":"Ernst C. H., 1992 Venomous reptiles of North America Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-ERNST2","unstructured":"Ernst C. H., R. W. Barbour, 1989 Turtles of the world Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-EYRE-WALKER1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyre-Walker A., B. S. Gaut, 1997 Correlated rates of synonymous site evolution across plant genomes Mol. Biol. Evol14:455-460","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025781"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-FELSENSTEIN1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felsenstein J., 1985 Phylogenies and the comparative method Am. Nat125:1-15","DOI":"10.1086\/284325"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-FITCH1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitch W. M., 1996 The variety of human virus evolution Mol. Phylogenet. Evol5:247-258","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1996.0018"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-GREER1","unstructured":"Greer A. E., 1989 The biology and evolution of Australian lizards Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-GREER2","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 1997 The biology and evolution of Australian snakes Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HARLESS1","unstructured":"Harless M., H. Morlock, 1979 Turtle perspectives and research John Wiley, New York"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HARLOW1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harlow P., R. Shine, 1992 Food habits and the reproductive biology of the pacific island boas J. Herpetol26:60-66","DOI":"10.2307\/1565022"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HARVEY1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvey P. H., M. Pagel, 1991 The comparative method in evolutionary biology Oxford University Press, Oxford","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198546412.001.0001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HARVEY2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvey P. H., A. Purvis, 1991 Comparative methods for explaining adaptations Nature351:619-624","DOI":"10.1038\/351619a0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HEATWOLE1","unstructured":"Heatwole H., 1999 Sea snakes University of New South Wales (UNSW) Press, Sydney"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HEATWOLE2","unstructured":"Heatwole H., J. Taylor, 1987 Ecology of reptiles Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HEPPELL1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heppell S. S., 1998 Application of life-history theory and population model analysis to turtle conservation Copeia 1998:367\u2013375","DOI":"10.2307\/1447430"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-HUBERT1","unstructured":"Hubert J., 1985 The origin and development of oocytes Pp. 41\u201374 in C. Gans, F. Billet, and P. F. A. Maderson, eds. Biology of the Reptilia: development A. John Wiley & Sons, New York"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-KENNETT1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennett R., 1999 Reproduction of two species of freshwater turtle, Chelodina rugosa and Elseya dentata, from the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia J. Zool. Lond. 247:457\u2013473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836999004057"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-KEOGH1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keogh J. S., R. Shine, S. Donnellan, 1998 Phylogenetic relationships of terrestrial Australo-Papuan elapid snakes (subfamily Hydrophiinae) based on cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequences Mol. Phylogenet. Evol10:67-81","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1997.0471"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-KRAUS1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus F., W. M. Brown, 1998 Phylogenetic relationships of colubroid snakes based on mitochondrial DNA sequences Zool. J. Linn. Soc122:455-487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02159.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-KRAUS2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus F., D. G. Mink, W. M. Brown, 1996 Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data Copeia 4:763\u2013773","DOI":"10.2307\/1447637"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-LI1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W.-H., M. Gouy, P. Sharp, C. O'Huigin, Y.-W. Yang, 1990 Molecular phylogeny of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla and Carnivora and molecular clocks Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA87:6703-6707","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.17.6703"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-LI2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W.-H., M. Tanimura, P. M. Sharp, 1987 An evaluation of the molecular clock hypothesis using mammalian DNA sequences J. Mol. Evol25:330-342","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02603118"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-MARTIN1","unstructured":"Martin A. P., 1995 Metabolic rate and directional nucleotide substitution in animal mitochondrial DNA Mol. Biol. Evol12:1124-1131"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-MARTIN2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 1999 Substitution rates of organelle and nuclear genes in sharks: implicating metabolic rate (again) Mol. Biol. Evol16:996-1002","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026189"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-MARTIN3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin A. P., S. R. Palumbi, 1993 Body size, metabolic rate, generation time and the molecular clock Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90:4087-4091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.4087"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-MILLER1","unstructured":"Miller J. D., 1997 Reproduction in sea turtles Pp. 51\u201382 in P. L. Lutz and J. A. Musick, eds. The biology of sea turtles. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-MOOERS1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooers A. \u00d8., P. H. Harvey, 1994 Metabolic rate, generation time and the rate of molecular evolution in birds Mol. Phylogenet. Evol3:344-350","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1994.1040"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-MURPHY1","unstructured":"Murphy J. C., R. W. Henderson, 1997 Tales of giant snakes: a historical natural history of anacondas and pythons Krieger Publishing Company, Florida"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-OHTA1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohta T., 1993 An examination of the generation time effect on molecular evolution Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90:10676-10680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10676"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-OMLAND1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omland K. E., 1997 Correlated rates of molecular and morphological evolution Evolution51:1381-1393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01461.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-PRITCHARD1","unstructured":"Pritchard P. C. H., P. Trebbau, 1984 Turtles of Venezuela Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Athens, Ga."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-RAMBAUT1","unstructured":"Rambaut A. E., 1996 Se-Al sequence alignment editor University of Oxford, http:\/\/evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk\/software\/Se-Al, Oxford, U.K"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-RAND1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand D. M., 1994 Thermal habit, metabolic rate and the evolution of mitochondrial DNA Trends Ecol. Evol9:125-131","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(94)90176-7"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-ROBINSON1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson M., M. Gouy, C. Gautier, D. Mouchirod, 1998 Sensitivity of relative rates tests to taxonomic sampling Mol. Biol. Evol15:1091-1098","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-ROSENHEIM1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenheim J., B. Tabashnik, 1993 Generation time and evolution Nature365:791-792","DOI":"10.1038\/365791b0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-ROSSMAN1","unstructured":"Rossman D. A., N. B. Ford, R. A. Seigel, 1996 The garter snakes: evolution and ecology University of Oklahoma Press, Norman"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SAINT1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saint K. M., C. C. Austin, S. C. Donnellan, M. N. Hutchinson, 1998c-mos, a nuclear marker useful for squamate phylogenetic analysis Mol. Phylogenet. Evol10:259-263","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1998.0515"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SANDERSON1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanderson M. J., 1997 A nonparametric approach to estimating divergence times in the absence of rate constancy J. Mol. Evol14:1218-1231","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025731"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SARICH1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarich V. M., A. C. Wilson, 1973 Generation time and genomic evolution in primates Science179:1144-1147","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4078.1144"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SCHERER1","unstructured":"Scherer S., 1989 The relative-rate test of the molecular clock hypothesis: a note of caution Mol. Biol. Evol6:436-441"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SCHMITZ1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitz J., R. F. A. Moritz, 1998 Sociality and the rate of rDNA sequence evolution in wasps (Vespidae) and honeybees (Apis) J. Mol. Evol47:606-612","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006417"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SHAFFER1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaffer H. B., P. Meylan, M. L. McKnight, 1997 Tests of turtle phylogeny: molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches Syst. Biol46:235-268","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/46.2.235"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SHIMMIN1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimmin L. C., B. H.-J. Chang, W. H. Li, 1993 Male-driven evolution of DNA sequences Nature362:745-747","DOI":"10.1038\/362745a0"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SHIMMIN2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 1994 Contrasting rates of nucleotide substitution in the X-linked and Y-linked zinc-finger genes J. Mol. Evol39:569-578","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160402"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SHINE1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shine R., 1994 Allometric patterns in the ecology of Australian snakes Copeia 1994:851\u2013867","DOI":"10.2307\/1446709"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SHINE2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shine R., J. B. Iverson, 1995 Patterns of survival growth and maturation in turtles Oikos72:343-348","DOI":"10.2307\/3546119"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SHINE3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shine R., R. A. Seigel, 1996 A neglected life-history trait: clutch-size variance in snakes J. Zool. Lond239:209-223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05448.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SLOWINSKI1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slowinski J. B., B. S. Arbogast, 1999 Is the rate of molecular evolution inversely related to body size? Syst. Biol48:396-399","DOI":"10.1080\/106351599260364"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-SWOFFORD1","unstructured":"Swofford D. L., 1999 PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4 Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-WHITFIELD1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitfield Gibbons J., 1990 Life history and ecology of the slider turtle Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington","DOI":"10.2307\/1446515"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-WU1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu C.-I., W.-H. Li, 1985 Evidence for higher rates of nucleotide substitutions in rodents than in man Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA82:1741-1745","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.6.1741"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-WYNN1","unstructured":"Wynn A. H., G. R. Zug, 1985 Observations on the reproductive biology of Candoia carinata (Serpentes, Boidae) Snake17:15-24"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-YANG1","unstructured":"Yang Z., 1999 Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML) University College, http:\/\/abacus.gene.ucl.ac.uk\/software\/paml.html, London"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180112113438_MBEV-19-03-08-YANG2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z., R. Nielsen, 1998 Synonymous and nonsynonymous rate variation in nuclear genes of mammals J. Mol. Evol46:409-418","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006320"}],"container-title":["Molecular Biology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mbe\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/302\/23451456\/mbev_19_03_0302.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T08:13:37Z","timestamp":1713428017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mbe\/article\/19\/3\/302\/981043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1537-1719","0737-4038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1537-1719","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0737-4038","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]}}}