{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T15:36:45Z","timestamp":1767109005303,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anxiety, anger, and sadness are related to elevated ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), yet it is unclear whether each emotion exerts unique effects. Moreover, an understanding of who might be most susceptible to the negative effects of these emotions is limited, with the trait tendency to experience them or one\u2019s race as potential moderators.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study examined the potential for differential effects of momentary anxiety, anger, and sadness on ABP. The study assessed whether a trait tendency to experience these negative emotions and\/or race (Black vs. non-Black) would moderate these relationships.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants (n = 153) completed trait anxiety, anger, and depressive symptoms measures at baseline. ABP was collected over two 24-hour periods 3\u20134 months apart. Momentary measures of anxiety, anger, and sadness were assessed via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) after each ABP reading.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Momentary anxiety consistently predicted diastolic blood pressure but not systolic blood pressure. Momentary anger and sadness did not predict blood pressure (BP). Conditional effects were found with momentary anxiety and anger predicting elevated BP in those individuals with trait anxiety\/anger at its mean. Trait anxiety and depression consistently predicted heightened BP in Black participants. Trait anger did not moderate the relationships between negative emotions and ABP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Findings suggest that momentary anxiety and anger should be given attention as potential risk factors for hypertension and highlight the unique perspective of EMA methods. Black participants who were more anxious and depressed experienced heightened BP, with anxiety and depression providing possible intervention targets in improving racial disparities in cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaab098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T14:09:56Z","timestamp":1639231796000},"page":"38-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Testing the Associations Between State and Trait Anxiety, Anger, Sadness, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Whether Race Impacts These Relationships"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5329-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa","family":"Gavrilova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced , Merced, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Zawadzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced , Merced, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics 2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"volume-title":"A Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis: World Health Day 2013","year":"2013","author":"World Health Organization.","key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0002"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073917692863","article-title":"Toxic affect: are anger, anxiety, and depression independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease?","volume":"10","author":"Suls","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emot Rev."},{"key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.2.260","article-title":"Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions","volume":"131","author":"Suls","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/16.3.199","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in behavioral medicine","volume":"16","author":"Stone","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med."},{"key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0006","first-page":"4","article-title":"Ethnicity and socioeconomic status: Impact on cardiovascular activity at rest and during stress in youth with a family history of hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ethn Dis."},{"key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0007","first-page":"17","article-title":"Race differences in cardiovascular and cortisol responses to an interpersonal challenge in women who are family caregivers","volume":"15","author":"Wilcox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethn Dis."},{"key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0008","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Association between anxiety and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"2022122211434941900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198205000-00005","article-title":"Habitual anger-coping styles: I. 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