{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:06:20Z","timestamp":1790712380978,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interventions are effective in promoting health behavior change to the extent that (a) intervention strategies modify targets (i.e., mechanisms of action), and (b) modifying targets leads to changes in behavior. To complement taxonomies that characterize the variety of strategies used in behavioral interventions, we outline a new principle that specifies how strategies modify targets and thereby promote behavior change. We distinguish two dimensions of targets\u2014value (positive vs. negative) and accessibility (activation level)\u2014and show that intervention strategies operate either by altering the value of what people think, feel, or want (target change) or by heightening the accessibility of behavior-related thoughts, feelings, and goals (target activation).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We review strategies designed to promote target activation and find that nudges, cue-reminders, goal priming, the question-behavior effect, and if-then planning are each effective in generating health behavior change, and that their effectiveness accrues from heightened accessibility of relevant targets. We also identify several other strategies that may operate, at least in part, via target activation (e.g., self-monitoring, message framing, anticipated regret inductions, and habits).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Activation Vs. Change Principle (AVCP) offers a theoretically grounded and parsimonious means of distinguishing among intervention strategies. By focusing on how strategies modify targets, the AVCP can aid interventionists in deciding which intervention strategies to deploy and how to combine different strategies in behavioral trials. We outline a research agenda that could serve to further enhance the design and delivery of interventions to promote target activation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaac045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T18:19:54Z","timestamp":1662747594000},"page":"205-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Activation Versus Change as a Principle Underlying Intervention Strategies to Promote Health Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-4590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paschal","family":"Sheeran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA"},{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Suls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Personalized Health, Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Merced , Merced CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M P","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0001","author":"Healthy People 2030 2020."},{"key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0002","author":"World Health Organization 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.3.379","article-title":"A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions","volume":"27","author":"Abraham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615623247","article-title":"Situational strategies for self-control","volume":"11","author":"Duckworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0140","article-title":"The TIPPME intervention typology for changing environments to change behaviour","volume":"1","author":"Hollands","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0798-9","article-title":"The compendium of self-enactable techniques to change and self-manage motivation and behaviour v.1.0","volume":"4","author":"Knittle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6","article-title":"The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions","volume":"46","author":"Michie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med."},{"key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044007","article-title":"Health behavior change: moving from observation to intervention","volume":"68","author":"Sheeran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"2023062815161899900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.07.002","article-title":"The NIH Science of Behavior Change Implementation Team. 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