{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T05:08:18Z","timestamp":1778994498413,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AA029729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AA029729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31 AA027140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 AA027140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AA028269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AA028269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prescription opioids remain a primary treatment option for patients with chronic low back pain. However, little research has examined how patients take opioids in daily life. Behavioral economics suggest that the environmental context may contribute to patients\u2019 decisions around opioid use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the association of self-reported environmental factors and physical activity with likelihood of taking opioids, opioid dosage, and physical pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with chronic low back pain on long-term opioid therapy (n = 34) without significant past-year opioid-related problems completed a two-week ecological momentary assessment protocol (nobservations = 1,714).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initial multilevel models revealed multiple associations for different specific contexts with opioid use and pain. In models that collapsed specific contexts into categories (where, with whom, doing what), greater occasion-level physical activity was associated with a greater likelihood of taking opioids and greater pain, and being somewhere (v. at home) was associated with taking a smaller opioid dose. At any given occasion, being with someone (v. alone) was associated with taking a larger opioid dose, but patients who spent more time with others over the entire study took fewer opioids overall. Multilevel mediation found that pain did not mediate the association of physical activity and opioid use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results suggest that prescribed opioid use in patients with chronic low back pain is not solely determined by pain, but influenced by environmental factors, including physical activity. Psychoeducation regarding environmental factors, including how factors may be associated with both increased and decreased use of opioids, may help patients take fewer opioids more effectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaac080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T10:49:41Z","timestamp":1680259781000},"page":"541-550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of Environmental Context and Physical Activity in Prescribed Opioid Use and Pain in Daily Life among Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan W","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri \u2013 St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel 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