{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T10:22:52Z","timestamp":1782296572289,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA043412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA043412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA049644-S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA049644-S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA049644-02S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA049644-02S2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI036214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI036214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People who inject drugs (PWID) have low rates of COVID-19 testing yet are vulnerable to severe disease. In partnership with a mobile syringe service program (SSP) in San Diego County, CA, we developed the evidence-, community-, and Social Cognitive Theory-informed \u201cLinkUP\u201d intervention (tailored education, motivational interviewing, problem-solving, and planning) to increase COVID-19 testing uptake among PWID.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess preliminary efficacy of LinkUP in increasing PWID COVID-19 testing in a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We referred participants (PWID, \u226518 years old, San Diego County residents who had not recently undergone voluntary COVID-19 testing) to mobile SSP sites that had been randomized (by week) to offer the active LinkUP intervention or didactic attention-control conditions delivered by trained peer counselors. Following either condition, counselors offered on-site rapid COVID-19 antigen testing. Analyses estimated preliminary intervention efficacy and explored potential moderation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 150 participants, median age was 40.5 years, 33.3% identified as Hispanic\/Latinx, 64.7% were male, 73.3% were experiencing homelessness, and 44.7% had prior mandatory COVID-19 testing. The LinkUP intervention was significantly associated with higher COVID-19 testing uptake (p\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0001). Homelessness moderated intervention effects; LinkUP increased COVID-19 testing uptake more among participants experiencing homelessness (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.56\u20132.09; p &amp;lt; .0001) than those not experiencing homelessness (aRR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.43; p = .04).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Findings from this pilot RCT support the preliminary efficacy of the \u201cLinkUP\u201d intervention to increase COVID-19 testing among PWID and underscore the importance of academic-community partnerships and prevention service delivery through SSPs and other community-based organizations serving vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n               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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2969-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Abramovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8708-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Harvey-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla , CA , USA"},{"name":"Universidad Xochicalco, Facultad de Medicina , Tijuana, BC , Mexico"},{"name":"United States-Mexico Border Health Commission , Tijuana, BC , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Stamos-Buesig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OnPoint, Harm Reduction Coalition of San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos F","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Artamonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OnPoint, Harm Reduction Coalition of San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2311-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas L","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego , CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7724-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffanie A","family":"Strathdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023052321393425900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac543","article-title":"Estimated number of people who inject drugs in the United States","volume":"76","author":"Bradley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023052321393425900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00880-7","article-title":"COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from 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