{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:34:19Z","timestamp":1791999259421,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":90,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Feeling comfortable and safe has been discussed to foster health and well-being. However, the pathways to better health are complex, involving both behavioral and physiological routes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we examined the role of safety perception for cardiac health by (1) examining associations with baseline heart rate variability (HRV; Study 1) and (2) evaluating a novel measure of autonomic cardiac flexibility in daily life, namely increases in HRV independent of metabolic demands (ImdHRVi; Study 2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study 1 (N\u2005=\u200576) found evidence for a positive association between vagally mediated HRV and the Neuroception of Psychological Safety scale (Morton L, Cogan N, Kolacz J, et al. \u201cA new measure of feeling safe: developing psychometric properties of the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS)\u201d: Correction. Psychol Trauma. 2022; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001374), thus suggesting a link between safety and cardiac vagal regulation. In Study 2, a sample of N\u2005=\u2005245 adult volunteers participated in a four-day-ambulatory assessment measuring HRV and bodily movement. A regression was calculated between HRV and bodily movement for 12\u00a0h of the first recording day, which was then used to calculate minute-by-minute ImdHRVi (beyond those predicted by bodily movement) in the following days. It turned out that safety perception predicted more episodes of ImdHRVi in everyday life, even after controlling for several confounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that feeling safe and everyday life cardiac autonomic regulation are interrelated, thus possibly contributing to adaptive adjustment and health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaaf014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T01:00:13Z","timestamp":1743469213000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neuroception of safety is associated with elevated heart rate variability in the laboratory and more frequent heart rate variability increases in everyday life"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas R","family":"Schwerdtfeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Graz , 8010 Graz ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wekenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden , 01307 Dresden ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1594-1770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef M","family":"Tatschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Graz , 8010 Graz ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-4555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Rominger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Graz , 8010 Graz ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159","article-title":"Social Safety Theory: a biologically based evolutionary perspective on life stress, health, and behavior","volume":"16","author":"Slavich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760801999461","article-title":"Feeling safe and content: a specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism","volume":"3","author":"Gilbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Posit Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871227","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2022.871227","article-title":"Polyvagal theory: a science of safety","volume":"16","author":"Porges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030464","article-title":"Generalized unsafety theory of stress: unsafe environments and conditions, and the default stress response","volume":"15","author":"Brosschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108239108","article-title":"Attachment figures activate a safety signal-related neural region and reduce pain experience","volume":"108","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0006","volume-title":"The Polyvagal Theory","author":"Porges","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014664","article-title":"Social interaction moderates the relationship between depressive mood and heart rate variability: evidence from an ambulatory monitoring study","volume":"28","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107864","article-title":"A shy heart may benefit from everyday life social interactions with close others: an ecological momentary assessment trial using Bayesian multilevel modeling","volume":"152","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12652","article-title":"When rumination counts: perceived social support and heart rate variability in daily life","volume":"53","author":"Gerteis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.008","article-title":"Momentary feelings of safety are associated with attenuated cardiac activity in daily life: preliminary evidence from an ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"182","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2023.112277","article-title":"The cardiac correlates of feeling safe in everyday life: a Bayesian replication study","volume":"196","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.013","article-title":"Heart rate variability (HRV): from brain death to resonance breathing at 6 breaths per minute","volume":"131","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13914","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13914","article-title":"Feelings from the heart: developing HRV decrease-trigger algorithms via multilevel hyperplane simulation to detect psychosocially meaningful episodes in everyday life","volume":"58","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00458","article-title":"Vagal Tank Theory: the three Rs of cardiac vagal control functioning \u2013 resting, reactivity, and recovery","volume":"12","author":"Laborde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00805","article-title":"Considerations in the assessment of heart rate variability in biobehavioral research","volume":"5","author":"Quintana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.007","article-title":"New methods to optimally detect episodes of non-metabolic heart rate variability reduction as an indicator of psychological stress in everyday life","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9795-7","article-title":"Prolonged non-metabolic heart rate variability reduction as a physiological marker of psychological stress in daily life","volume":"50","author":"Verkuil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0018","volume-title":"Heart and Emotion: Ambulatory Monitoring Studies in Everyday Life","author":"Myrtek","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00490.x","article-title":"Comparison of time and frequency domain measures of RSA in ambulatory recordings","volume":"44","author":"Goedhart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14604","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14604","article-title":"Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement","volume":"61","author":"Quigley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001374","article-title":"\u201cA new measure of feeling safe: developing psychometric properties of the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS)\u201d: correction","volume":"16","author":"Morton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920908","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.920908","article-title":"An individual perspective on psychological safety: the role of basic need satisfaction and self-compassion","volume":"13","author":"Wouters-Soomers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27625","article-title":"Validation of the Italian version of the Neuroception of Psychological Safety Scale (NPSS)","volume":"10","author":"Poli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0024","article-title":"Validity and psychometric properties of the German","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13709","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13709","article-title":"A brief positive psychological intervention prior to a potentially stressful task facilitates more challenge-like cardiovascular reactivity in high trait anxious individuals","volume":"58","author":"Schwerdtfeger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-8760(00)00102-1","article-title":"An alternative approach for achieving cardiovascular baseline: viewing an aquatic video","volume":"37","author":"Piferi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0027","volume-title":"Kubios HRV Software: User\u2019s","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research \u2013 recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting","volume":"8","author":"Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007","article-title":"Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: a meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Koenig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0031","first-page":"43","article-title":"Why researchers should think \u201cwithin-person\u201d: a paradigmatic rationale","volume-title":"Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life","author":"Hamaker","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03203630","article-title":"GPOWER: a general power analysis program","volume":"28","author":"Erdfelder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instruments Comput."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00665","article-title":"The role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathophysiology of obesity","volume":"8","author":"Guarino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0034","first-page":"129","article-title":"Characterizing artefact in the normal human 24-hour RR time series to aid identification and artificial replication of circadian variations in human beat to beat heart rate using a simple threshold","author":"Clifford","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082925","article-title":"Feelings from the heart part II: simulation and validation of static and dynamic HRV decrease-trigger algorithms to detect stress in firefighters","volume":"22","author":"Rominger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.12.012","article-title":"Heart rate variability during adolescent and adult social interactions: a meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Shahrestani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36118-z","article-title":"The effects of everyday-life social interactions on anxiety-related autonomic responses differ between men and women","volume":"13","author":"Gr\u00fcndahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.101.16.1919","article-title":"Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction","volume":"101","author":"Frasure-Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00080","article-title":"Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced heart rate variability: a meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Chalmers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009","article-title":"An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone","volume":"74","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719001351","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability in major depression","volume":"49","author":"Koch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611419672","article-title":"A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories","volume":"6","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health","volume":"36","author":"Thayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","article-title":"The polyvagal perspective","volume":"74","author":"Porges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0327(00)00338-4","article-title":"A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation","volume":"61","author":"Thayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004","article-title":"Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness","volume":"104","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.09.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular mechanisms of interoceptive awareness: effects of resonance breathing","volume":"169","author":"Leganes-Fonteneau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.612445","article-title":"Heart rate variability modulates interoceptive accuracy","volume":"14","author":"Lischke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113558","article-title":"Short-term fasting induced changes in HRV are associated with interoceptive accuracy: evidence from two independent within-subjects studies","volume":"241","author":"Rominger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107201","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation improves interoceptive accuracy","volume":"134","author":"Villani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016","article-title":"The compassionate vagus: a meta-analysis on the connection between compassion and heart rate variability","volume":"116","author":"Di Bello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617443","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.617443","article-title":"Compassion is not a benzo: distinctive associations of heart rate variability with its empathic and action components","volume":"15","author":"Di Bello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009049","article-title":"Heart rate variability from short electrocardiographic recordings predicts mortality from all causes in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study","volume":"145","author":"Dekker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.32.2.293","article-title":"Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension: insights into pathogenesis of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"2025110120501869600_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.12.022","article-title":"Relation of high heart rate variability to healthy longevity","volume":"105","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Annals of Behavioral Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article-pdf\/59\/1\/kaaf014\/62824904\/kaaf014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article-pdf\/59\/1\/kaaf014\/62824904\/kaaf014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:50:24Z","timestamp":1762044624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/abm\/kaaf014\/8102088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/abm\/kaaf014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-6612","1532-4796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-6612","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-4796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"kaaf014"}}