{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:07:14Z","timestamp":1788890834223,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institutes of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R15AA028910-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15AA028910-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Problematic drinking among college students is a serious issue that leads to dire consequences. Bystander intervention (BI) for problematic alcohol use (PAU) is a promising approach that capitalizes on social networks to prevent PAU. Reliable and valid measures of BI for PAU that operate equivalently across demographic groups are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this investigation is to assess the measurement invariance of 2 validated scales of BI for Plikelihood to intervene and self-confidence to overcome barriers to intervention. Measurement invariance was tested across 6 groups, including (1) student athletes, (2) Black, Indigenous, and People of Color, (3) Greek affiliation, (4) sexual and gender minority students, (5) first year in college, and (6) men. Each target group was compared to a random sample of people not in the target group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants (n\u2009=\u20091190) were recruited via Prime Panels to complete the Bystander Alcohol Likelihood to Intervene (BALI) and Overcoming Bystander Alcohol Barriers to Intervene (OBABI) scales. Random subsamples of groups of interest were created to ensure equal size within subgroups. Assessments of measurement invariance occur in a stepwise process: (1) configural, (2) metric, and (3) scalar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Configural invariance was established for each group. Metric invariance was not established, so scalar invariance was not investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Establishing configural invariance means that constructs and subfactors of BALI and OBABI operate equivalently between groups. However, the lack of metric invariance suggests that the items are not endorsed equivalently between these different risk groups. Further research should interrogate where discrepancies lie for items on the BALI and OBABI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaag001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:12:14Z","timestamp":1769515934000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing measurement invariance of scales of likelihood and barriers to bystander intervention for problematic alcohol use among college students"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Montanaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6844-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Brienzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5356-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine","family":"Temple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0012-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennicia","family":"Fortson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelise","family":"Mennicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B1","author":"SAMSHA"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.02.018","article-title":"Incapacitated and forcible rape of college women: prevalence across the first year","volume":"56","author":"Carey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144652","article-title":"Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24: changes from 1998 to 2001","volume":"26","author":"Hingson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.540","article-title":"Magnitude and trends in heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-impaired driving, and alcohol-related mortality and overdose hospitalizations among emerging adults of college ages 18-24 in the United States, 1998-2014","volume":"78","author":"Hingson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480903540515","article-title":"Forcible, drug-facilitated, and incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women","volume":"58","author":"Lawyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health J ACH"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2017.1295014","article-title":"Evaluating the one-in-five statistic: women\u2019s risk of sexual assault while in college","volume":"54","author":"Muehlenhard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.324","article-title":"The introduction of the heavy and frequent drinker: a proposed classification to increase accuracy of alcohol assessments in postsecondary educational settings","volume":"67","author":"Presley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480209595713","article-title":"Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts. Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2001","volume":"50","author":"Wechsler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health J ACH"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107218","article-title":"Ethnic-racial identity and hazardous drinking among black drinkers: a test of the minority stress model","volume":"127","author":"Buckner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107619","article-title":"Sexual orientation and gender identity disparities in substance use disorders during young adulthood in a United States longitudinal cohort","volume":"205","author":"Jun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.034","article-title":"Sexual orientation disparities in substance use: investigating social stress mechanisms in a national sample","volume":"58","author":"Krueger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107666","article-title":"The socio-ecological context of U.S. college student drinking: a latent class analysis","volume":"141","author":"Walsh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025589","article-title":"Bystander intervention in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility","volume":"8","author":"Darley","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23645-8_25","volume-title":"Handb Sex Assault Sex Assault Prev","author":"Mazar","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2024.2342464","article-title":"Bystander intervention for problematic alcohol use among graduate and international students: opportunities and challenges","volume":"40","author":"Mennicke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2023.2245497","article-title":"The bystander intervention for problematic alcohol use model (BIPAUM)","volume":"73","author":"Mennicke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221137067","article-title":"A systematic review of validated measures of U.S.-based bystander intervention-related constructs","volume":"24","author":"Mennicke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146517693050","article-title":"College-going and trajectories of drinking from adolescence into adulthood","volume":"58","author":"Crosnoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v38.1.13","article-title":"Drinking over the lifespan: focus on college ages","volume":"38","author":"Merrill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B20","author":"NIAA","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B21","author":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13283","article-title":"Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences based on gender and sexual orientation among college students","volume":"31","author":"Schipani-McLaughlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000516","article-title":"Motivational pathways to problematic drinking among Latinx college drinkers","volume":"29","author":"Bacio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102233","article-title":"Culturally sensitive prevention programs for substance use among adolescents of color: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"99","author":"Bo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13358","article-title":"Alcohol interventions for LGBTQ + adults: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Dimova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108856","article-title":"Culturally adapted evidence-based treatments for adults with substance use problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"226","author":"Hai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B27","first-page":"244","article-title":"Bystanders \u201capathy","volume":"57","author":"Latan\u00e9","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9581-5","article-title":"A situational model of sexual assault prevention through bystander intervention","volume":"60","author":"Burn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B29","author":"Latan\u00e9","year":"1970"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023739","article-title":"Who will help prevent sexual violence: creating an ecological model of bystander intervention","volume":"1","author":"Banyard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000281","article-title":"Community actionists: understanding adult bystanders to sexual and domestic violence prevention in communities","volume":"10","author":"Banyard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2025.2501177","article-title":"Individual, interpersonal, and contextual: barriers and facilitators to bystander intervention for problematic alcohol use","volume":"60","author":"Moxie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2024.2418534","article-title":"Factor structure for measures of bystander likelihood, barriers, and actions to prevent problematic alcohol use among college students","volume":"73","author":"Montanaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health."},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2018.05.008","article-title":"The assessment of bystander intervention in bullying: examining measurement invariance across gender","volume":"69","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sch Psychol"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-023-00162-0","article-title":"Testing the bystander intervention model in cyberbullying across students of color and white students","volume":"6","author":"Jenkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Bullying Prev"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12474","article-title":"Measuring global bystander intervention and exploring its antecedents for helping refugees","volume":"112","author":"Albayrak-Aydemir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-024-00216-x","article-title":"Applying the bystander intervention model to racial microaggressions in college students","author":"Jenkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Bullying Prev"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1387859","article-title":"Testing factorial invariance with unbalanced samples","volume":"25","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B40","author":"Meade"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/1538192716656451","article-title":"Brotherhood and college Latinos: a phenomenological study","volume":"16","author":"Estrada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hisp High Educ"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X18782735","article-title":"\u201cMen doing life together\u201d: Black Christian fraternity men\u2019s embodiments of brotherhood","volume":"23","author":"McGuire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Men Masc"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1790572","article-title":"An exploratory qualitative study of undergraduate men\u2019s \u00adperspectives on sexual violence bystander education","volume":"70","author":"Hammock","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105833","article-title":"When it\u2019s safer to walk away: urban, low opportunity emerging adults\u2019 willingness to use bystander behaviors in response to community and dating violence","volume":"121","author":"Storer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B45","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Concept and Design Developments in School Improvement Research: Longitudinal, Multilevel and Mixed Methods and Their Relevance for Educational Accountability","author":"Sauerwein","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"II28","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200009002-00007","article-title":"Item response theory and health outcomes measurement in the 21st century","volume":"38","author":"Hays","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-10370-4_5","volume-title":"Essays on Contemporary Psychometrics","author":"Borsboom","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4435","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4435","article-title":"Methodological standards for qualitative and mixed methods patient centered outcomes research","volume":"371","author":"Gaglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12302","article-title":"Data collection via online platforms: challenges and recommendations for future research","volume":"70","author":"Newman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Psychol"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2016.1190001","article-title":"University students\u2019 drinking as a social practice and the challenge for public health","volume":"27","author":"Supski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12265","article-title":"The intention\u2013behavior gap","volume":"10","author":"Sheeran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol Compass"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0578-z","article-title":"Attentive Turkers: MTurk participants perform better on online attention checks than do subject pool participants","volume":"48","author":"Hauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01273-7","article-title":"Online panels in social science research: expanding sampling methods beyond Mechanical Turk","volume":"51","author":"Chandler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2026090813160498000_kaag001-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-025-00935-9","article-title":"Centering intersectionality in bystander intervention: advancing inclusive and equitable prevention strategies","volume":"40","author":"McMahon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"}],"container-title":["Annals of Behavioral Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article-pdf\/60\/1\/kaag001\/68412076\/kaag001.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article-pdf\/60\/1\/kaag001\/68412076\/kaag001.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:16:11Z","timestamp":1788887771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/abm\/kaag001\/8482855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/abm\/kaag001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-4796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-4796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"kaag001"}}