{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:07:15Z","timestamp":1788890835721,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dickinson College and Bryn Mawr College"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender disparities in COVID-19 prevention were likely driven by male gender socialization, but no research has tested beliefs that prospectively connect endorsement of masculine norms to reduced COVID-19 prevention behavior among men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explored whether men\u2019s endorsement of masculine norms influenced COVID-19 prevention behavior via illness-related beliefs and prevention intentions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early in the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020), American men (N\u2009=\u2009355; Mage\u2009=\u200946.61, 78.9% White) reported their baseline prevention behavior, masculine norms, COVID-19 strength beliefs, and prevention intentions. Two weeks later, they reported participation in CDC (Center for Disease Control)-recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors (eg, social distancing) and willingness to participate in prevention behavior not yet available (eg, COVID-19 vaccination).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mediation models indicated that masculine norms endorsement serially related to greater belief that strength protects against COVID-19, then lower intentions to participate in prevention behaviors, which predicted lower prevention behavior (b\u2009=\u2009\u22120.0073, SE\u2009=\u20090.0043, 95% CI, \u22120.0172 to \u22120.0004) and future prevention willingness (b\u2009=\u2009\u22120.0073, SE\u2009=\u20090.0046, 95% CI, \u22120.0180 to \u22120.0004).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Masculine norm endorsement indirectly predicted lower COVID-19 prevention behaviors and willingness to participate in emerging prevention behaviors via illness-related beliefs and reduced prevention intentions. These results suggest that masculine norms shape pandemic prevention-related decisions via beliefs that being strong can protect against the virus. Results persisted across demographic differences, political orientation, and severity of regional outbreaks. Public health efforts to reduce gender disparities in pandemics should consider how recommended actions interact with masculine norms and how to leverage interventions to promote men\u2019s health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaag039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T23:33:42Z","timestamp":1784244822000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Masculine norms predict lower COVID-19 prevention behavior: a longitudinal investigation of American men during phase I of the pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6666-7874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurel M","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College , Bryn Mawr, PA 19010,","place":["United 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