{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:27:26Z","timestamp":1792614446963,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given considerable variation in diagnostic and therapeutic practice, there is a need for national guidance on the use of neuroimaging, fluid biomarkers, cognitive testing, follow-up and diagnostic terminology in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is a heterogenous clinical syndrome reflecting a change in cognitive function and deficits on neuropsychological testing but relatively intact activities of daily living. MCI is a risk state for further cognitive and functional decline with 5\u201315% of people developing dementia per year. However, ~50% remain stable at 5\u00a0years and in a minority, symptoms resolve over time. There is considerable debate about whether MCI is a useful clinical diagnosis, or whether the use of the term prevents proper inquiry (by history, examination and investigations) into underlying causes of cognitive symptoms, which can include prodromal neurodegenerative disease, other physical or psychiatric illness, or combinations thereof. Cognitive testing, neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers can improve the sensitivity and specificity of aetiological diagnosis, with growing evidence that these may also help guide prognosis. Diagnostic criteria allow for a diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease to be made where MCI is accompanied by appropriate biomarker changes, but in practice, such biomarkers are not available in routine clinical practice in the UK. This would change if disease-modifying therapies became available and required a definitive diagnosis but would present major challenges to the National Health Service and similar health systems. Significantly increased investment would be required in training, infrastructure and provision of fluid biomarkers and neuroimaging. Statistical techniques combining markers may provide greater sensitivity and specificity than any single disease marker but their practical usefulness will depend on large-scale studies to ensure ecological validity and that multiple measures, e.g. both cognitive tests and biomarkers, are widely available for clinical use. To perform such large studies, we must increase research participation amongst those with MCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T16:12:29Z","timestamp":1603815149000},"page":"72-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":228,"title":["Mild Cognitive Impairment: the Manchester consensus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross A","family":"Dunne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Greater Manchester Dementia Research Centre, Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Rawnsley Building, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL,UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Aarsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clive","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter. Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sube","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick C","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gnodde Goldman Sachs Translational Neuroscience Unit, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Dening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Schryer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bury Clinical Commissioning Group, Bury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGE UK, Trafford, Manchester M41 9EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison R","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research UK, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Alessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J","family":"Coulthard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Pickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Society, London EC3N 2AE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Elton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greater Manchester and Eastern Cheshire Strategic Clinical Network, Manchester M1 3BN UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy W","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute for the Care of Older People, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research UK, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kalafatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials\/S&L Care Home Intervention Team, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, 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