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Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous studies have demonstrated an association between gait speed and cognitive function. However, the relationship between balance and cognition remains less well explored. This study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship of balance and cognitive decline in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cohort of 4,811 adults, aged \u226565\u00a0years, participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study was followed for 6\u00a0years. Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were used to measure cognition. Tandem balance measures were used to evaluate balance. Regression models were adjusted for demographics, behavioural and disease factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Worse balance was independently associated with worse cognition in cross-sectional analysis. Longitudinally, participants aged \u226576\u00a0years with poorer balance had a faster rate of decline after adjustment for co-variates: \u22120.97 points faster decline in 3MSE per year (95% confidence interval (CI): \u22121.32, \u22120.63) compared to the participants with good balance. There was no association of balance and change in 3MSE among adults aged &amp;lt;76\u00a0years (P value for balance and age interaction &amp;lt; 0.0001). DSST scores reflected \u22120.21 (95% CI: \u22120.37, \u22120.05) points greater decline when adjusted for co-variates. In Cox proportional hazard models, participants with worse balance had a higher risk of being cognitively impaired over the 6 years of follow-up visits (adjusted HR:1.72, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.29).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Future studies should evaluate standing balance as a potential screening technique to identify individuals at risk of cognitive decline. Furthermore, a better understanding of the pathophysiological link between balance and cognition may inform strategies to prevent cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T20:07:35Z","timestamp":1612728455000},"page":"1342-1348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Balance and cognitive decline in older adults in the cardiovascular health study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Claire C","family":"Meunier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette L","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C","family":"Odden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref1"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.06.017","article-title":"Brain health: the importance of recognizing cognitive impairment: an IAGG consensus conference","volume":"16","author":"Morley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119075","article-title":"Predicting cognitive function from clinical measures of physical function and health status in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Bolandzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13034","article-title":"Slow gait speed as a predictor of 1-year cognitive decline in a veterans\u2019 retirement community in southern Taiwan","volume":"17","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12133","article-title":"Gait speed in older people: an easy test for detecting cognitive impairment, functional independence, and health state","volume":"16","author":"Garcia-Pinillos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref6","first-page":"50","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in older adults with pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease: prevalence and association with physical function","volume":"24","author":"Otobe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Ther"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12255","article-title":"Mild physical impairment predicts future diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"61","author":"Wilkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1408142","article-title":"Relationship between cognitive function and balance in a community-dwelling population in Japan","volume":"138","author":"Goto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000445831","article-title":"The impact of mild cognitive impairment on gait and balance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using instrumented assessment","volume":"63","author":"Bahureksa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2021091504005347800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14224","article-title":"Sound body sound mind? 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