{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T21:56:30Z","timestamp":1777586190712,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda in Mexico"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R01AG018016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01AG018016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>despite the well-known adverse health effects of smoking, evidence of these effects on frail individuals is still scarce.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>to assess whether frailty influences the association between smoking and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>individuals \u226550 years from the Mexican Health and Aging Study were analysed. Mortality rates from a 17-year follow-up were compared between smoking status groups (never, previous and current) and other smoking behaviour-related characteristics (pack-years, age commenced and cessation). Baseline variables were included to adjust the Cox regression models. First, models were adjusted for the whole sample, including an interaction term between the frailty index (FI) and smoking variables. A second set of models were stratified by FI levels: 0.00\u20130.10, 0.11\u20130.20, 0.21\u20130.30 and\u2009\u2265\u20090.31.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>from a total 14,025 individuals, mean age was 62.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 62.1\u201362.8) and 53.9% were women (95% CI: 52.4\u201355.6). Main results from the survival analyses showed that when including FI interaction term with smoking status, comparing current to never smoking, the hazard ratio (HR) was 2.03 (95% CI: 1.07\u20133.85, P\u2009=\u20090.029), and comparing current to previous smoking, the HR was 2.13 (95% CI: 1.06\u20134.26, P\u2009=\u20090.032). Models stratified by FI levels showed a significant HR only for the two highest level groups. Similar results were found for the smoking behaviour-related characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>our results suggest that frailty could modify smoking mortality risk. Other smoking characteristics were impacted by frailty, in particular, cessation. It was noteworthy that having \u226510 years of tobacco cessation was beneficial for frail individuals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>smoking has a higher toll on frail individuals, but ceasing is still beneficial for this group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T20:46:27Z","timestamp":1670445987000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Does the association between smoking and mortality differ due to frailty status? A secondary analysis from the Mexican Health and Aging Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pati\u00f1o-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, , Bogot\u00e1 D.C. , Colombia"},{"name":"Hospital San Ignacio Internal Medicine Department, , Bogot\u00e1 D.C. , Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d3liver Guillermo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smoking Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias , Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4374-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Ulises","family":"P\u00e9rez-Zepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, , Bogot\u00e1 D.C. , Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n, Research Headquarters, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda , Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 10200, M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico , Huixquilucan, Estado de M\u00e9xico 52786, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cano-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, , Bogot\u00e1 D.C. , Colombia"},{"name":"Hospital San Ignacio Internal Medicine Department, , Bogot\u00e1 D.C. , Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00099-3","article-title":"The degree of frailty as a translational measure of health in aging","volume":"1","author":"Howlett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Aging"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Collard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.04.023","article-title":"The essence of frailty: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis on frailty concepts and definitions","volume":"56","author":"Junius-Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.08.027","article-title":"Unifying aging and frailty through complex dynamical networks","volume":"1","author":"Rutenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-017-9684-x","article-title":"Aging, frailty and complex networks","volume":"18","author":"Mitnitski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000364933","article-title":"Aging as a process of deficit accumulation: its utility and origin","volume":"40","author":"Mitnitski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interdiscip Top Gerontol"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30091-4","article-title":"Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank participants","volume":"3","author":"Hanlon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref8","first-page":"144","article-title":"The influence of lifestyle behaviors on the incidence of frailty","volume":"9","author":"Borda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.04.007","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle behaviors and transitions in frailty status among independent community-dwelling older adults: The Yabu cohort study","volume":"136","author":"Abe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2022120720462057100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13294","article-title":"Is exercise a senolytic medicine? 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