{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:43:22Z","timestamp":1753875802102,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Advancing Queensland Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Delirium has conventionally been considered a disorder of consciousness. Alertness and arousal are used as surrogates in clinical practice but are insufficient for the purposes of a more dimensional assessment of consciousness. We present a process of development and validation of candidate measures of phenomenal consciousness that could be applied to the diagnosis of delirium.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>First, a narrative review of available instruments in the fields of phenomenal consciousness, including prereflective consciousness, the phenomenal-sensed experience and reflective thought, was undertaken. Eligibility of tools in the context of applicability to delirium was based upon objectivity in test interpretation and the requirement for tester administration. Second, where there was a gap in suitable cognitive tools, new items were derived using the silent generation technique. A process of face and construct validity using a diverse panel of experts was performed, and readability was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>814 articles were screened from the literature review. Fourteen candidate tools were reported from the three domains of phenomenal consciousness. One of these met the eligibility criteria for a delirium assessment. Fifty-seven new tests of phenomenal consciousness were identified. After a process of item reduction, a total of 26 individual tests were identified. After content validity, 22 of the 26 items were retained. The scale average content validity index was 0.89. The agreement between raters was between 80% and 97%. 100% of responses for face validity were rated as positive. Flesch Reading Ease Score was 91.6 (very easy to read).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Candidate measures of phenomenal consciousness are described, and early validity studies are promising.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T16:19:34Z","timestamp":1721060374000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capturing the ghost in the machine: a process for development and validation of measures of phenomenal consciousness in delirium"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Eamonn","family":"Eeles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, The Prince Charles Hospital , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Northside Clinical School, The Prince Charles Hospital , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"},{"name":"Dementia and Neuro Mental Health Research Unit, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9793-724X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Duc","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland Medical School, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Medicine Department, Redcliffe Hospital , Anzac Avenue, Redcliffe, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Teodorczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northside Clinical Unit, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing, QUT , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"},{"name":"The Prince Charles Hospital, Metro North Mental Health , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology , Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals Neurosciences, Cambridge , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadeeka N","family":"Dissanayaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia and Neuro Mental Health Research Unit, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"},{"name":"NHMRC Boosting Dementia Research Fellow , UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024071513283038700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501","article-title":"Delirium in hospitalized older adults","volume":"377","author":"Marcantonio","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024071513283038700_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"5th"},{"key":"2024071513283038700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.53765\/20512201.31.1.031","article-title":"Measuring phenomenal consciousness in delirium: the new black","volume":"31","author":"Eeles","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"2024071513283038700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","article-title":"Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. 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