{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:33:50Z","timestamp":1784118830090,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research, and Technology","award":["CEECIND\/03117\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03117\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background\/Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the provision of informal care in major ways. This study documents the prevalences of informal support with (instrumental) activities of daily living (IADL and ADL) before, during and after the pandemic, distinguishing between children, other relatives and friends\/neighbours and focusing on individuals 50\u00a0years and older across 27 European countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This longitudinal analysis relies on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)\u2019s Wave 8 (2019), two Corona surveys (2020 and 2021) and Wave 9 (2022). Linear probability models adjusted for individual fixed effects and time-varying confounders were used to estimate prevalences of informal support over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the pandemic, the prevalences of informal support with both IADL and ADL from all three groups of caregivers increased significantly (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), to return to their pre-pandemic levels by 2022. For example, the adjusted likelihood of IADL help from children increased from 18.5% (2019) to 36.6% (2020) and 42.5% (2021), then dropped back to 19.7% in 2022. Friends and neighbours played a critical role, with the adjusted likelihood of IADL help going from 8.8% (2019) to 29.7% (2020), then down to 18% (2021) and 8.9% (2022).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Future emergency and disaster preparedness plans should contemplate the various sources of informal care, including support measures to non-relative caregivers, as those helpers may be able to rapidly respond to unexpected crisis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:13:51Z","timestamp":1740140031000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Who came to the rescue? Sources of informal support to older Europeans before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-9974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judite","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London School of Public Health , White City Campus, 90 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NOVA University Lisbon NOVA School of Business and Economics , Campus de Carcavelos, Rua da Holanda, 12775-405 Carcavelos ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"France","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Management, and Leadership, West Virginia University School of Public Health , 64 Medical Circle Drive, Morgantown, WV 26505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Demographic Microsimulation of-Term Care Needs in the European Union","author":"Belmonte","DOI":"10.2760\/941182"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-5890.12200","article-title":"Long-term care across Europe and the United States: The role of informal and formal care","volume":"40","author":"Barczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fisc Stud"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.01800","article-title":"Informal and formal home care for older adults with disabilities increased, 2004\u201316","volume":"39","author":"Van Houtven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnx093","article-title":"Family caregivers of older adults, 1999-2015: Trends in characteristics, circumstances, and role-related appraisal","volume":"58","author":"Wolff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/08959420.2016.1160708","article-title":"Whom do centenarians rely on for support? Findings from the second Heidelberg centenarian study","volume":"28","author":"Boerner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Aging Soc Policy"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X13000512","article-title":"A growing care gap\u2019 the supply of unpaid care for older people by their adult children in England to 2032","volume":"35","author":"Pickard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13286","article-title":"Determinants of informal care-giving in various social relationships in the Netherlands","volume":"29","author":"Klerk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-012-9159-4","article-title":"Home care for the elderly: The role of relatives, friends and neighbors","volume":"12","author":"Kalwij","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Econ Househ"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12006","article-title":"The experiences of neighbour, volunteer and professional support-givers in supporting community dwelling older people","volume":"21","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref10","article-title":"Help from and help to Neighbors among older adults in Europe. Frontiers","volume":"4","author":"Seifert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnu162","article-title":"Support from neighbors and aging in place: Can NORC programs make a difference?","volume":"56","author":"Greenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12567","article-title":"The landscape of state policies supporting family caregivers as aligned with the National Academy of medicine recommendations","volume":"00","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-016-0370-7","article-title":"Providing informal care in a changing society","volume":"13","author":"Broese van Groenou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref14","volume-title":"International Examples of Measures to Support Unpaid Carers during the COVID-19","author":"Lorenz-Dant","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.673874","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on informal caregiving and care receiving across Europe during the first phase of the pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Bergmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref16","article-title":"Impact of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic on formal and informal care of community-dwelling older adults: Cross-national clustering of empirical evidence from 23 countries","volume":"13","author":"Tur-Sinai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2021.04.013","article-title":"Long-term care at home and female work during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"125","author":"Sugawara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy (New York)"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3385","article-title":"Careful in the crisis? Determinants of older People\u2019s informal care receipt in crisis-struck European countries","volume":"25","author":"Costa-Font","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Economics (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102306","article-title":"The cyclicality of informal care","volume":"71","author":"Mommaerts","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01588-7","article-title":"Effect of reduced formal care availability on formal\/informal care patterns and caregiver health: A quasi-experimental study using the Japanese long-term care insurance reform","volume":"20","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2022.11.020","article-title":"Informal care, older people, and COVID-19: Evidence from the UK","volume":"205","author":"Madia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Econ Behav Organ"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref22","volume-title":"Research Report","author":"Carers Week","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref23","volume-title":"Older and \u201cStaying at Home\u201d during Lockdown: Informal Care Receipt during the COVID-19 Pandemic amongst People Aged 70 and over in the UK","author":"Evandrou"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-024-00800-6","article-title":"Comparing the cross-national impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on care received community-dwelling older adults in 2020 and 2021: Restoring formal home care versus polarizing informal care?","volume":"21","author":"Tur-Sinai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.31389\/jltc.76","article-title":"The impacts of COVID-19 on unpaid carers of adults with long-term care needs and measures to address these impacts: A rapid review of evidence up to November 2020","volume":"2021","author":"Lorenz-Dant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Long-Term Care"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-021-00611-z","article-title":"Care in times of COVID-19: The impact of the pandemic on informal caregiving in Austria","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1108\/EOR-02-2023-0012","article-title":"Apart but not alone? A cross-sectional study of neighbour support in a major UK urban area during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"2","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerald Open Research"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247993","article-title":"The social support networks of elderly people in Slovenia during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Cugmas","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721421990150","article-title":"Caregiving in quarantine: Evaluating the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on adult child informal caregivers of a parent","volume":"7","author":"Archer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02821-1","article-title":"A qualitative 5-country comparison of the perceived impacts of COVID-19 on people living with dementia and unpaid carers","volume":"22","author":"Giebel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07041-8","article-title":"The consequences of COVID-19 lockdown for formal and informal resource utilization among home-dwelling people with dementia: Results from the prospective PAN.DEM study","volume":"21","author":"Vislapuu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025022112134554900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa018","article-title":"Does gender matter in the receipt of informal care among community-dwelling older adults? 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