{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:10:26Z","timestamp":1792084226812,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of digital technology-based serious games (DTBSGs) interventions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A librarian-designed search of eight databases was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials published in English or Chinese up to 10 August 2024. The primary and secondary outcomes were compared between the intervention and control groups. A fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis model was used to determine the mean difference, based on the results of the heterogeneity test. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A meta-analysis of 28 trials, including 1698 participants, showed greater improvements in favour of interventions using DTBSGs compared to the control group in global cognitive function, executive function, attention function, depression, and activities of daily living (ADL). However, there was no significant improvement in memory function, anxiety, apathy or quality of life (QOL) compared to the control group. Subgroup analysis showed that computer games, exergames and iPad tablet games were superior to immersive virtual reality (VR) games in terms of global cognitive and executive function. VR games were superior to computer games in terms of attention and ADL. The GRADE evidence quality assessment results showed that global cognitive function and ADL were of moderate quality; executive function, attention, depression and anxiety were of low quality; and memory, apathy and QOL were of very low quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with MCI benefited from DTBSGs. With the rapid development of information and communication technology, DTBSGs have great potential and may be used as adjuncts or substitutes in MCI rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T12:27:01Z","timestamp":1744028821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of digital technology-based serious games interventions for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, \u00a0","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the lancet commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity","volume":"256","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.022","article-title":"Preventing dementia? Interventional approaches in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"122","author":"Lissek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2022.07.010","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in older adults: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"45","author":"P\u00e9rez Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104376","article-title":"Lifestyle changes and outcomes of older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 4-year longitudinal study","volume":"94","author":"Katayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1Q620","article-title":"Is statin-associated cognitive impairment clinically relevant? A narrative review and clinical recommendations","volume":"46","author":"Rojas-Fernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: review","volume":"322","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200407000-00007","article-title":"Cognitive rehabilitation of mildly impaired Alzheimer disease patients on cholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Loewenstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200407000-00007","article-title":"Harnessing digital technology to predict, diagnose, monitor, and develop treatments for brain disorders","volume":"2","author":"Stroud","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Digit Med"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34592","DOI":"10.2196\/34592","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of serious games for improving cognitive abilities among elderly people with cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Abd-Alrazaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1692842","article-title":"Beneficial effect of computer-based multidomain cognitive training in patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"28","author":"Nousia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"089198872110064","DOI":"10.1177\/08919887211006472","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Duff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1749891","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training using virtual reality on everyday life activities for patients recovering from stroke","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03941-y","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-based interventions for community-dwelling people with cognitive decline: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"23","author":"Zuschnegg","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55785","DOI":"10.2196\/55785","article-title":"Effects of electronic serious games on older adults with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2018.0029","article-title":"Xbox 360 Kinect cognitive games improve slowness, complexity of EEG, and cognitive functions in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized control trial","volume":"8","author":"Imran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref20","first-page":"2407","article-title":"Effects of computer aided cognitive system on nursing home patients with cognitive dysfunction after intervention","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Gerontol"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0264-8","article-title":"Efficacy of the ubiquitous spaced retrieval-based memory advancement and rehabilitation training (USMART) program among patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled crossover trial","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041570","article-title":"Impact of an intervention with Wii video games on the autonomy of activities of daily living and psychological-cognitive components in the institutionalized elderly","volume":"18","author":"Jahouh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24526","article-title":"Effect of Cognitive Training in Fully Immersive Virtual Reality on Visuospatial Function and Frontal-Occipital Functional Connectivity in Predementia: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume-title":"J Med Internet Res","author":"Kang","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13007","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013007","article-title":"A comparison of the effects between 2 computerized cognitive training programs, Bettercog and COMCOG, on elderly patients with MCI and mild dementia: a single-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"97","author":"Heui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref25","first-page":"667","article-title":"The influence of computer cognitive training on cognitive function in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Nurs"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2023.16.e4","article-title":"Effects of home based serious game training (brain talk\u2122) in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: randomized, a single-blind, controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Neurorehabil"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8198","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158198","article-title":"The humanoid robot Sil-Bot in a cognitive training program for community-dwelling elderly people with mild cognitive impairment during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093030","article-title":"Feasibility and tolerability of a culture-based virtual reality (VR) training program in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12149","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12149","article-title":"Efficacy of serious exergames in improving neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurocognitive disorders: results of the X-TORP cluster randomized trial","volume":"7","author":"Robert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx040","article-title":"Cognitive training using a novel memory game on an iPad in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI)","volume":"20","author":"Savulich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051283","article-title":"The effect of a virtual reality-based intervention program on cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized control trial","volume":"9","author":"Thapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01422-w","article-title":"Effects of a dual intervention (motor and virtual reality-based cognitive) on cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Buele","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.19.05899-4","article-title":"Using virtual reality-based training to improve cognitive function, instrumental activities of daily living and neural efficiency in older adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"56","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00806-7","article-title":"The efficacy of exergaming in people with major neurocognitive disorder residing in long-term care facilities: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Swinnen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2016.08.004","article-title":"Mnemonic strategy training of the elderly at risk for dementia enhances integration of information processing via cross-frequency coupling","volume":"2","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00162","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based physical and cognitive training on executive function and dual-task gait performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S145769","article-title":"Computerized cognitive stimulation and engagement programs in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: comparing feasibility, acceptability, and cognitive and psychosocial effects","volume":"12","author":"Leila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00076","article-title":"The aerobic and cognitive exercise study (ACES) for community-dwelling older adults with or At-risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI): neuropsychological, neurobiological and neuroimaging outcomes of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Cay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00807","article-title":"Adaptive computerized working memory training in patients with mild cognitive impairment. A randomized double-blind active controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Flak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220001131","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based spatial cognitive training on hippocampal function of older adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2023.12.008","article-title":"Enhancing cognitive flexibility and working memory in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: exploring the impact of virtual reality on daily life activities","volume":"56","author":"Sasaninezhad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geriatr Nurs"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317517727068","article-title":"Mental training enhances cognitive function and BDNF more than either physical or combined training in elderly women with MCI: a small-scale study","volume":"33","author":"Arsalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3928\/19404921-20170524-01","article-title":"Comparison of two cognitive training programs with effects on functional activities and quality of life","volume":"10","author":"Hagovsk\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Gerontol Nurs"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170404","article-title":"Tailored and adaptive computerized cognitive training in older adults at risk for dementia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Bahar-Fuchs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2020.0086","article-title":"The effectiveness of a virtual reality-based intervention on cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a single-blind","volume":"10","author":"Torpil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32117","DOI":"10.2196\/32117","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality-based cognitive intervention for the improvement of cognitive function, depression, and perceived stress in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: pilot pre-post study","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games."},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01811","article-title":"Rehabilitative effects of virtual reality Technology for Mild Cognitive Impairment: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01811","article-title":"Small acute benefits of 4 weeks processing speed training games on processing speed and inhibition performance and depressive mood in the healthy elderly people: evidence from a randomized control trial","volume":"8","author":"Nouchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025040713312617300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.059","article-title":"Functional grouping and cortical-subcortical interactions in emotion: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"42","author":"Kober","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Age and Ageing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ageing\/article-pdf\/54\/4\/afaf080\/62883373\/afaf080.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ageing\/article-pdf\/54\/4\/afaf080\/62883373\/afaf080.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T12:27:19Z","timestamp":1744028839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ageing\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaf080\/8107654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaf080","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-0729","1468-2834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-0729","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"article-number":"afaf080"}}