{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:04:48Z","timestamp":1776038688481,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovative Medizinische Forschung (IMF) programme","award":["I-BU112511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-BU112511"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["464240267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["464240267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate enlargement and lower urinary tract symptoms are common age-related conditions in men frequently encountered in primary care and geriatric medicine practice, yet population-level variation in prostate size and its biological drivers remain poorly defined due to limited scalable imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We quantified prostate volume in 30\u00a0616 men using automated segmentation of whole-body MRI from the UK Biobank, establishing age-specific reference distributions across adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate volume increased continuously with age, and enlargement beyond commonly used clinical thresholds was already frequent in midlife. Multivariable analyses identified somatic (height), metabolic (body mass index and insulin-like growth factor 1), and endocrine (bioavailable testosterone) factors as independent correlates of prostate size, with stronger associations for height and bioavailable testosterone at older ages. Serum prostate-specific antigen scaled with MRI-derived prostate volume in an age-dependent manner, supporting biological validity. Larger prostates were associated with higher odds of clinically recorded lower urinary tract symptoms, with the strongest associations observed in midlife and attenuation in later life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide population-based MRI reference values and clarify the biological and symptomatic correlates of prostate ageing, illustrating how population-scale imaging can inform the evaluation of common age-related conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afag090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:35:04Z","timestamp":1774355704000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prostate ageing across the adult lifespan: population MRI evidence from 30\u00a0000 men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Gunnar P","family":"Kordes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Schwarzkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Ogoniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedict","family":"Br\u00fccher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander S","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041219025415500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00213-6","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"3","author":"GBD 2019 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"2026041219025415500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)49698-4","article-title":"The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age","volume":"132","author":"Berry","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026041219025415500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00045-1","article-title":"The role of dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"61","author":"Carson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026041219025415500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.11.029","article-title":"Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia: clinical connections, emerging etiological paradigms and future directions","volume":"189","author":"Parsons","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026041219025415500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.520","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"76","author":"Mantzoros","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026041219025415500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn272","article-title":"Serum steroid and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and the risk of incident benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial","volume":"168","author":"Kristal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026041219025415500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.12.002","article-title":"Does prostate size predict the development of incident lower urinary tract symptoms in men with mild to no current symptoms? 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