{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:05:52Z","timestamp":1784912752064,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Global population ageing is increasing the burden of cognitive decline and dementia. While systematic reviews have examined links between environmental exposures and cognitive outcomes, evidence remains fragmented. This umbrella review aimed to synthesise and meta-analyse systematic reviews on urban environmental exposures and cognitive health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A meta-analytic umbrella review (PROSPERO: CRD42023425117) was conducted using PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO. Systematic reviews examining urban environments and cognitive health were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Meta-analytic evidence was graded (\u2018convincing\u2019 to \u2018not significant\u2019) based on sample size, effect strength and bias. Narrative synthesis was also performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 6391 records, 54 systematic reviews were included, comprising 66 meta-analysed outcomes and 270 exposure\u2013outcome associations. Air pollution showed the strongest evidence: particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) (10\/11 significant outcomes) and nitrogen dioxide\/nitrogen oxide (5\/10) demonstrated highly probable detrimental effects on cognitive health. Social relationships (5\/8) showed probable beneficial effects. Green and blue spaces were associated with reduced dementia risk (3\/6). Narrative findings supported these results and identified research gaps, particularly for travel behaviour (no outcomes identified).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is highly probable evidence linking air pollution to poorer cognitive health and probable evidence supporting social relationships. Further research is needed on urban design, noise, light exposure and underexplored pollutants (CO, SO\u2082). Policies should prioritise reducing air pollution and promoting social engagement to support cognitive health and dementia prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afag215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:40:09Z","timestamp":1783424409000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A meta-analytical umbrella review assessing urban environment exposures and cognitive health outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5585-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Glover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research , Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selin","family":"Akaraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"O'Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Valson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"McGuinness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences\u2014Centre for Public Health , Belfast ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref1","volume-title":"Ageing and Health","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303544","article-title":"Why cognitive health matters","volume":"107","author":"Medalia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref3","volume-title":"Global Prevalence of Dementia\u2014Updated Figures 2017","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref4","volume-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Healthy Aging Data","author":"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901","article-title":"The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019","volume":"19","author":"Wimo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e735","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00156-1","article-title":"Advancing urban green and blue space contributions to public health","volume":"8","author":"Hunter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s42413-024-00204-5","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between urban public space and social cohesion: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Community Well-Being"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64699-7_13","volume-title":"Environmental Neuroscience","author":"Soloveva","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115220","article-title":"Cognability: an ecological theory of neighborhoods and cognitive aging","volume":"309","author":"Finlay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref12","first-page":"001391651877440","article-title":"Attention restoration theory: exploring the role of soft fascination and mental bandwidth","volume":"51","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref13","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Environments, Gerontology and Old Age Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2003","author":"Scheidt","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.102206","article-title":"Building the evidence for an ecological model of cognitive health","volume":"60","author":"Cerin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5318.1560","article-title":"Substantial genetic influence on cognitive abilities in twins 80 or more years old","volume":"276","author":"McClearn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.014068","article-title":"Environmental perceptions and walking in English adults","volume":"58","author":"Foster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.11.051","article-title":"The impact of interventions to promote physical activity in urban green space: a systematic review and recommendations for future research","volume":"124","author":"Hunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.57","article-title":"The effects of neighbourhood social cohesion on preventing depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults: rapid review","volume":"8","author":"Breedvelt","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2017.10.020","article-title":"Built environment and social well-being: how does urban form affect social life and personal relationships?","volume":"74","author":"Mouratidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab192","article-title":"Social networks and cognitive reserve: network structure moderates the association between amygdalar volume and cognitive outcomes","volume":"77","author":"Perry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106066","article-title":"A systematic review of epidemiological studies of life course socioeconomic status and adult structural brain changes","volume":"171","author":"Mendis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201043","article-title":"Prevalence and risk of mild cognitive impairment in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"McGrattan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105730","article-title":"The effect of social exclusion on the cognitive health of middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review","volume":"130","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307662","article-title":"Biomarkers in dementia: clinical utility and new directions","volume":"85","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.02.013","article-title":"Neighborhood environment and cognition in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Besser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201419","article-title":"Air pollution and incidence of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Abolhasani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143734","article-title":"A critical review of the epidemiological evidence of effects of air pollution on dementia, cognitive function and cognitive decline in adult population","volume":"757","author":"Delgado-Saborit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2024.102336","article-title":"Benefits of nature exposure on cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-08","volume-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Aromataris","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02218-8","article-title":"Mapping the complex systems that connects the urban environment to cognitive decline in adults aged 50 years and older: a group model building study","volume":"400","author":"Avila-Palencia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref32","volume-title":"Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106956","article-title":"Association between exposure to air pollution and late-life neurodegenerative disorders: an umbrella review","volume":"158","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited","volume":"45","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774507079441","article-title":"An exploratory test for an excess of significant findings","volume":"4","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2013.03.002","article-title":"Clarifications on the application and interpretation of the test for excess significance and its extensions","volume":"57","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Math Psychol"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-021-01893-0","article-title":"Hearing impairment and diverse health outcomes","volume":"133","author":"Trott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01684-x","article-title":"Eye disease and mortality, cognition, disease, and modifiable risk factors: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies","volume":"36","author":"Trott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01236-8","article-title":"Associations between diabetic retinopathy, mortality, disease, and mental health: an umbrella review of observational meta-analyses","volume":"22","author":"Trott","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14796","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14796","article-title":"Associations between diabetic retinopathy and modifiable risk factors: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"39","author":"Trott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2025.102625","article-title":"Associations among green space exposure, brain, and mental health and cognition in the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cacint.2024.100159","article-title":"Determinants influencing the accessibility and use of urban green spaces: a review of empirical evidence","volume":"24","author":"Endalew Terefe","year":"2024","journal-title":"City Environ Interact"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032001","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5309\/ad44cc","article-title":"A systematic review of urban green and blue spaces and cognitive function including discussion of mechanistic pathways","volume":"2","author":"Glover","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160028","article-title":"Do neighbourhood traffic-related air pollution and socio-economic status moderate the associations of the neighbourhood physical environment with cognitive function? Findings from the AusDiab study","volume":"858","author":"Cerin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114560","article-title":"Neighborhood built environment associated with cognition and dementia risk among older adults: a systematic literature review","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab043","article-title":"Neighborhood sidewalk environment and incidence of dementia in older Japanese adults: the Japan gerontological evaluation study cohort","volume":"190","author":"Tani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102943","article-title":"Mediating role of walking between perceived and objective walkability and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80897-8","article-title":"Why do inequality and deprivation produce high crime and low trust?","volume":"11","author":"De Courson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/3053937","article-title":"Economic deprivation and neighborhood crime rates, 1960-1980","volume":"27","author":"Bursik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Law Soc Rev"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.03.006","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"61","author":"Hersi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112895","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and risk of incident dementia in the UK Biobank","volume":"209","author":"Parra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101504","article-title":"Environmental factors and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103699","article-title":"Systemic exposure to air pollution induces oxidative stress and inflammation in mouse brain, contributing to neurodegeneration onset","volume":"21","author":"Milani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108717","article-title":"Stress hormones as potential mediators of air pollutant effects on the brain: rapid induction of glucocorticoid-responsive genes","volume":"178","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101266","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(25)00118-4","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Best Rogowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18723-3","article-title":"The longitudinal associations between ambient air pollution exposure and dementia in the UK: results from the cognitive function and ageing study II and Wales","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.832881","article-title":"Chronic noise exposure and risk of dementia: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108572","article-title":"Long-term exposure to transportation noise in relation to global cognitive decline and cognitive impairment: results from a Swedish longitudinal cohort","volume":"185","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13814","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise and incidence of dementia in the Danish nurse cohort","volume":"20","author":"Tuffier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081704","article-title":"Exposure to environmental and occupational particulate air pollution as a potential contributor to neurodegeneration and diabetes: a systematic review of epidemiological research","volume":"15","author":"Dimakakou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.08.002","article-title":"Effect of long-term outdoor air pollution and noise on cognitive and psychological functions in adults","volume":"218","author":"Tzivian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176175","article-title":"Traffic noise and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Hegewald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109219","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between air pollution and incident dementia as mediated by MRI-measured brain volumes in the UK Biobank","volume":"195","author":"Thompson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4871-x","article-title":"Associations between the structural and functional aspects of social relations and poor mental health: a cross-sectional register study","volume":"17","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11662","article-title":"Exposure disparities by income, race and ethnicity, and historic redlining grade in the greater Seattle area for ultrafine particles and other air pollutants","volume":"131","author":"Bramble","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2024.100529","article-title":"Assessing PM2.5 exposure bias towards deprived areas in England using a new indicator. Environmental","volume":"16","author":"Woodward","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080916","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in green space quality and accessibility\u2014evidence from a southern European City","volume":"14","author":"Hoffimann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac130.041","article-title":"Does neighbourhood crime mediate the relationship between neighbourhood SES and birth outcomes?","volume":"32","author":"Ochoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061243","article-title":"Active travel and mild cognitive impairment among older adults from low- and middle-income countries","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15692","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315692","article-title":"Association between the duration of the active commuting to and from school, and cognitive performance in urban Portuguese adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359632","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2024.2359632","article-title":"Active life\u2013active mind? Associations between active travel and cognitive functions across the lifespan: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Herfet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.244","article-title":"Active commuting to school and cognitive performance in adolescents","volume":"165","author":"Martinez-Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring active travel and leisure-time physical activity relationships with cognition among older adults","volume":"28","author":"Phansikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102393","article-title":"Greener neighbourhoods, better memory? A longitudinal study","volume":"65","author":"Astell-Burt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2023.128066","article-title":"Effects of blue space exposure in urban and natural environments on psychological and physiological responses: a within-subject experiment","volume":"87","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"2026072412300801100_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157441","article-title":"Long-term exposure to outdoor light at night and mild cognitive impairment: a nationwide study in Chinese veterans","volume":"847","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"}],"container-title":["Age and Ageing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ageing\/article-pdf\/55\/7\/afag215\/69956799\/afag215.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ageing\/article-pdf\/55\/7\/afag215\/69956799\/afag215.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T16:30:15Z","timestamp":1784910615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ageing\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ageing\/afag215\/8741509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afag215","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-0729","1468-2834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-0729","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"afag215"}}