{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:42:12Z","timestamp":1784349732723,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1979,6,1]],"date-time":"1979-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":297043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T07:53:06Z","timestamp":1516089186000},"page":"1290-1297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pyrimidine biosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"GE","family":"Shambaugh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib1","series-title":"In: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Disorders of purinc and pyrimidine metabolism","author":"Kelley","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2571(71)80036-5","article-title":"Regulation of pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis in mammals","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"1970","journal-title":"Adv. Enzyme Reg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2571(71)80037-7","article-title":"Enzymes in pyrimidine biosynthesis","volume":"9","author":"Sweeney","year":"1970","journal-title":"Adv. Enzyme Reg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(74)90010-7","article-title":"Indications for control mechanisms in purinc and pyrimidine biosynthesis as revealed by studies with inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Hitchings","year":"1974","journal-title":"Adv. Enzyme Reg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Purine and pyrimidine metabolism: pathways, pitfalls and perturbations","volume":"48","author":"Henderson","year":"1976","journal-title":"CIBA Found. Symp"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99353-1","article-title":"A glutamine-depen-dent enzyme for the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate for pyrimidine biosynthesis in fetal rat liver","volume":"242","author":"Hager","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00745a004","article-title":"Uridylic acid synthesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Properties, subcellular distribution and nature of enzyme complexes of the six biosynthetic enzymes","volume":"12","author":"Shoaf","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00683a010","article-title":"Aggregation states and catalytic properties of the multien-zyme complex catalyzing the initial steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis in rat liver","volume":"14","author":"Mori","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00796a009","article-title":"Regulation of activity of carbamoylphosphate synthetase from mouse spleen","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(69)90399-4","article-title":"The aspartate trans-carbamylase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase of yeast: a multi-functional enzyme complex","volume":"34","author":"Lue","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(74)90177-8","article-title":"Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase during fetal and neonatal life in the rat","volume":"37","author":"Shambaugh","year":"1974","journal-title":"Develop. Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43057-3","article-title":"Reversible dissociation of the monomer of glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase into catalytically active heavy and light subunits","volume":"249","author":"Trotta","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enzymes of arginine and urea synthesis","volume":"39","author":"Ratner","year":"1973","journal-title":"Advan. Enzymol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(73)90651-6","article-title":"Distribution, subcellular localization, and product inhibition of dihydroorotate oxidation in the rat","volume":"157","author":"Kennedy","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92032-6","article-title":"Purification and kinetic properties of brain orotidine 5\u2019 phosphate decarboxylase","volume":"243","author":"Appel","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63673-7","article-title":"Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in mammalian tissues","volume":"244","author":"Tatibana","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a129934","article-title":"Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in mammalian tissues. V. Regulation of glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase: Activation by 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyro-phosphate and inhibition by undine triphosphate","volume":"72","author":"Tatibana","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biochem. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib18","first-page":"207","article-title":"The role of de novo purine synthesis in lymphocyte transformation","volume":"48","author":"Allison","year":"1976","journal-title":"CIBA Found. Symp"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.113.149","article-title":"Hypouricemic, mentally retard infant with a defect of 5-phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphate synthetase of erythrocytes","volume":"113","author":"Wada","year":"1974","journal-title":"Tohoku. J. Exptl. Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib20","first-page":"43","article-title":"Increased activity of two enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis de novo in erythrocytes from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Beardmore","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib21","first-page":"56A","article-title":"Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide pools in azaguanine resistant human lym-phoblasts deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phos-phoribosyl transferase","volume":"25","author":"Nuki","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Human Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)97329-1","article-title":"Synthesis of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate from glucose in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro","volume":"240","author":"Henderson","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64129-8","article-title":"Purification and properties of orotidylate decarbox-ylases from yeast and rat liver","volume":"236","author":"Creasey","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib24","first-page":"292","article-title":"Regulation of brain orotodylic decarboxylase activity","volume":"26","author":"Appel","year":"1967","journal-title":"Federation Proc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4063.835","article-title":"Metabolite distribution in cells. Two carbamyl phosphate gradients and their sources can be discerned in neurospora","volume":"178","author":"Davis","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/245211a0","article-title":"Orotic aciduria and arginine deficiency","volume":"245","author":"Milner","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(75)90144-4","article-title":"Urinary metabolites characteristic of urea-cycle amino acid deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Milner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2944(74)90078-7","article-title":"Abnormal orotic acid metabolism associated with acute hyperammonaemia in the rat","volume":"9","author":"Statter","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem. Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.234.152","article-title":"Hyperammonaemia: a deficiency of liver ornithine transcarbamylase: Occurrence in mother and child","volume":"44","author":"Levin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Disease Childhood"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91819-4","article-title":"Reye\u2019s syndrome due to a novel protein variant of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency","volume":"2","author":"Thaler","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104013","article-title":"Pyrimidine metabolism in man. III. Studies on leukocytes and erythrocytes in pernicious anemia","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(65)90155-5","article-title":"Hereditary orotic aciduria-pyrimidine auxotrophism in man","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.168.3933.861","article-title":"Orotidinuria induced by allopurinol","volume":"168","author":"Fox","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3943.388","article-title":"Allopurinol: Alteration in pyrimidine metabolism in man","volume":"169","author":"Kelley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104415","article-title":"The uricosuria and orotic aciduria induced by 6-azauridine","volume":"40","author":"Fallon","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3779.1237","article-title":"Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis: regulatory control during transformation of lymphocyte in vitro","volume":"156","author":"Lucas","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(71)90081-7","article-title":"Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase in placenta and fetal structures of the rat","volume":"42","author":"Shambaugh","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197208000-00006","article-title":"Pyrimidine biosynthesis during development of rat cerebellum","volume":"6","author":"Weichsel","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediat. Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1976.tb04436.x","article-title":"Pyrimidine biosynthesis and its regulation in the developing rat brain","volume":"26","author":"Tremblay","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.9.2.384-390.1974","article-title":"Combined effects of phytohemagglutinin and staph-ylococcal enterotoxin B on deoxyribonucletic acid synthesis during blast transformation in human lymphocytes","volume":"9","author":"Shambaugh","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(75)80086-2","article-title":"Pyrimidine biosyn-thetic enzymes in rat intestine after small bowel resection","volume":"68","author":"Nakayama","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-40-1-127","article-title":"The biosynthesis of carbamoyl phosphate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"40","author":"Lacroute","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.26.100172.002235","article-title":"The microbe as a source of food","volume":"26","author":"Khilberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19760094","article-title":"The effect of RNA supplementation of rat diets on the composition of body fluids","volume":"36","author":"Heaf","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib45","first-page":"696","article-title":"Mechanisms of allopurinol-mediated inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis","volume":"78","author":"Beardmore","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3285-5_40","article-title":"The effect of different purines and pyrimidines on human pyrimidine biosynthesis","volume":"76B","author":"Zollner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Exptl. Med. Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104611","article-title":"The metabolism of ring-labeled orotic acid in man","volume":"41","author":"Weissman","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104360","article-title":"Uric acid production in gout","volume":"40","author":"Seegmiller","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000175751","article-title":"The influence of dietary purines and pyrimidines on purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in man","volume":"21","author":"Grobner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nutr. Metabol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib50","first-page":"165","article-title":"Dietary feedback regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in man","volume":"48","author":"Zollner","year":"1977","journal-title":"CIBA Found. Symp"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43733-2","article-title":"Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in human lymphocytes: inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis de novo in phytohemagglu-tinin-stimulated lymphocytes by external uridine and its inhibition mechanism","volume":"248","author":"Ito","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)33757-2","article-title":"Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in human lymphocytes: inhibitory effect of guanine and guanosine on induction of enzymes for pyrimidine biosynthesis de novo in phytohemag-glutinin-stimulated lymphocytes","volume":"251","author":"Ito","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)33028-4","article-title":"Inhibition of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthesis by purine nucleosides in human erythrocytes","volume":"251","author":"Planet","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523288346?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523288346?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/32\/6\/1290\/24143554\/1290.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T14:28:22Z","timestamp":1719757702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523288346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523288346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pyrimidine biosynthesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/32.6.1290","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1979 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}