{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:34:47Z","timestamp":1772753687330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,1]],"date-time":"1983-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":433814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,10]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1515576223000},"page":"648-659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Iron fortification: an update"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"JD","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ME","family":"Reusser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib1","unstructured":"Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, Cook JD, Finch CA. Iron metabolism in man. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific 1979:1-576."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib2","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Comparison of chicks and rats as test animals for studying bioavailability of iron, with special reference to use of reduced iron in enriched bread.","volume":"53","author":"Pla","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Assoc Offic Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60211a044","article-title":"Specifications for reduced iron as a food additive.","volume":"25","author":"Shah","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib4","article-title":"Absorption of \u2018fortification\u2019 iron.","volume":"37","author":"Bjorn-Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V15.4.540.540","article-title":"Animal and human studies on ferrous fumarate, an oral hematinic.","volume":"15","author":"Berenbaum","year":"1960","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brise H, Hallberg L. Absorbability of different iron compounds. Acta Med Scand 1962;171(suppl 376):23-38.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1962.tb18680.x"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.10.1170","article-title":"Iron absorption from bread.","volume":"21","author":"Callender","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib8","first-page":"1267","article-title":"et al.","volume":"23","author":"Elwood","year":"1970","journal-title":"Absorption of iron from chapatti made from wheat flour. Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib9","unstructured":"International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group (INACG). Guidelines for the eradication of iron deficiency anemia. A report of the International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group. New York, NY: The Nutrition Foundation 1977:1-29."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.8.861","article-title":"Absorption of fortification iron in bread.","volume":"26","author":"Cook","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.55.5.686","article-title":"The absorption of iron as supplements in infant cereal and infant formulas.","volume":"55","author":"Rios","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib12","first-page":"647","article-title":"Vitamins and other nutrients.","volume":"18","author":"Fritz","year":"1970","journal-title":"Application of the animal hemoglobin repletion test to measurement of iron availability in foods. J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib13","first-page":"78","article-title":"Selection of iron sources for cereal enrichment.","volume":"53","author":"Harrison","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60224a062","article-title":"Bioavailability of iron from iron phosphates in cereals and infant foods.","volume":"27","author":"Shah","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/10408397909527261","article-title":"Iron sources used in food fortification and their changes due to food processing.","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"1970","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib16","unstructured":"Waddell J. The bioavailability of iron sources and their utilization in food enrichment. A report prepared for the FDA Division of Nutrition. Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1973:3-92."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib17","unstructured":"Hurrell RF. Bioavailability of different iron salts used to fortify formulas and cereals. Technical problems. In: Proceedings of the 4th Nestle Nutrition Workshop: iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. Switzerland: Nestle SA (in press)."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.6.614","article-title":"Food iron absorption in man. II. The effect of EDTA on absorption of dietary nonheme iron.","volume":"29","author":"Cook","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacPhail AP, Bothwell TH, Torrance JD, Derman DP, Bezwoda WR, Charlton RW, Mayet F. Factors affecting the absorption of iron from Fe(III) EDTA. Br J Nutr 1981;45:215-27.","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19810097"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.6.961","article-title":"Sodium iron NaFeEDTA as an iron fortification compound in Central America.","volume":"31","author":"Viteri","year":"1978","journal-title":"Absorption studies. Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1974.11686972","article-title":"Iron supplementation in Thai fish-sauce.","volume":"68","author":"Garby","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.3.193","article-title":"The effect of tea on iron absorption.","volume":"16","author":"Disler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.3.416","article-title":"Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee.","volume":"37","author":"Morck","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib24","first-page":"947","article-title":"An analysis of factors leading to a reduction in iron deficiency in Swedish women.","volume":"57","author":"Hallberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0400031","article-title":"The hae-matinic effect of iron in flour.","volume":"40","author":"Elwood","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.4.373","article-title":"A prediction of the effects of iron fortification.","volume":"27","author":"Swiss","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib27","unstructured":"International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group (INACG). Iron absorption from cereals and legumes. A report of the International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group. New York, NY: The Nutrition Foundation, 1982:1-41."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib28","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Board. Measures to increase iron in foods and diets: proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1970:1-42."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.9.935","article-title":"Fortification of salt with iron.","volume":"29","author":"Foy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narasinga Rao BS, Prasad S, Apte SV. Iron absorption in Indians studied by whole body counting; a comparison of iron compounds used in salt fortification. Br J Haematol 1972;2:281-6.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1972.tb05674.x"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1974.tb06667.x","article-title":"The fortification of common salt with ascorbic acid and iron.","volume":"28","author":"Sayers","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19740045","article-title":"Iron absorption from rice meals cooked with fortified salt containing ferrous sulphate and ascorbic acid.","volume":"31","author":"Sayers","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narasinga Rao BS, Vijayasarathy C. Fortification of common salt with iron: effect of chemical additives on stability and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 1975; 1395-401.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.12.1395"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91840-8","article-title":"Fortification of common salt with iron.","volume":"2","author":"Suwanik","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narasinga Rao BS, Vijayasarathy C. An alternate formula for the fortification of common salt with iron. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:1112-4.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.7.1112b"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadiger HA, Krishnamachari KAVR, Nadamuni N, Rao BSN, and Srikantia SG. The use of common salt (sodium chloride) fortified with iron to control anaemia: results of a preliminary study. Br J Nutr 1980,43:45.","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19800063"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Working Group on Fortification of Salt with Iron. Use of common salt fortified with iron in the control and prevention of anemia: a collaborative study. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:1442-51.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.6.1442"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114575000177","article-title":"Studies on the fortification of cane sugar with iron and ascorbic acid.","volume":"34","author":"Disler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.1.8","article-title":"Sugar as a vehicle for iron fortification.","volume":"29","author":"Layrisse","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19770087","article-title":"Iron absorption from a cereal-based meal containing cane sugar fortified with ascorbic acid.","volume":"38","author":"Derman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib41","unstructured":"Viteri FE, Alvarez E, Bulux J, Pineda O, Batres R. Iron fortification in developing countries. In: Harper AE, Davis GK, eds. Nutrition in health and disease and international development: Symposia from the XII International Congress of Nutrition. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Vol 77. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, 1981:345-54."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib42","unstructured":"Florentino R. Iron fortification studies in the Philippines. In: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group (INACG). New York, NY: The Nutrition Foundation, 1981; section V."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib43","unstructured":"Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C. Iron absorption from food. Iron supplementation of foods. In: Brown EB, Moore EV, eds. Progress in hematology. Vol VI. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton, 1971:137-60."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/42.4.501","article-title":"Artificial enrichment of white rice as a solution to endemic beriberi. A report of field trials in Bataan, Philippines.","volume":"42","author":"Salcedo","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib45","first-page":"895","article-title":"Micronutrient additions to cereal grain products.","volume":"54","author":"Rubin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1982.tb11073.x","article-title":"Retention of micronutrients by polymer coatings used to fortify rice.","volume":"47","author":"Peil","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib47","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Board. Proposed fortification policy for cereal-grain products. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1974:1-36."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib48","first-page":"937","article-title":"Ironenrichment of dry-milled corn products.","volume":"53","author":"Anderson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cereal Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallman PR, Siimes MA, Stekel A. Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. A report prepared for the International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group (INACG). New York, NY: The Nutrition Foundation 1979:1-49.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.1.86"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1977.tb07978.x","article-title":"Iron absorption from infant milk formula and the optimal level of iron supplementation.","volume":"66","author":"Saarinen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Ped Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.58.5.686","article-title":"Iron sufficiency in breast fed infants and availability of iron from human milk.","volume":"58","author":"McMillan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.6.896","article-title":"Iron absorption from human milk, simulated human milk, and proprietary formulas.","volume":"60","author":"McMillan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80439-3","article-title":"Iron absorption in infants: high bioavailability of breast milk iron as indicated by the extrinsic method for iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin.","volume":"91","author":"Saarinen","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib54","unstructured":"Cook JD, Bothwell TH. Availability of iron from infant foods. In: Proceedings of the 4th Nestle nutrition workshop: iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. Switzerland: Nestle SA (in press)."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derman DP, Bothwell TH, MacPhail AP, et al. Importance of ascorbic acid in the absorption of iron from infant foods. Scand J Haematol 1980;25:193-201.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1981.tb01388.x"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib56","unstructured":"Fukui T. Fortification of the diet with iron. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on practical approaches to eradication of subclinical iron deficiency. Tokyo: US-Japan Panel on Malnutrition 1982:30-4."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib57","unstructured":"MacPhail AP. An approach to the evaluation of iron status and the prevention of iron deficiency. PhD Thesis (in press)."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib58","unstructured":"Stekel A. Fortification from the laboratory to a nationwide program. Two Chilean experiences. In: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group (INACG). New York, NY: The Nutrition Foundation, 1981; section VIII."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C, Renzi M. Sugar as a vehicle for iron fortification: further studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29:274-9.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.3.274"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V48.3.449.449","article-title":"Evaluation of the iron status of a population.","volume":"48","author":"Cook","year":"1976","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.10.2115","article-title":"Assessing iron status of a population.","volume":"32","author":"Cook","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523242975?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523242975?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/38\/4\/648\/24116589\/648.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T20:42:02Z","timestamp":1699044122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523242975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,10]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523242975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Iron fortification: an update","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.648","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1983 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}