{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:59:49Z","timestamp":1772711989129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,2,1]],"date-time":"1985-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":476064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,2]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T12:42:29Z","timestamp":1515588149000},"page":"447-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Infant physiology, nutritional requirements, and lactational adequacy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"RG","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Breast-feeding and growth","volume":"5","author":"Whitehead","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Internatl I Pediatr Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90432-4","article-title":"Bacterial contamination in traditional Gambian weaning foods","volume":"1","author":"Rowland","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400026693","article-title":"Commercial milk products and indigenous weaning foods in a rural West African environment: a bacteriological perspective","volume":"84","author":"Barrell","year":"1980","journal-title":"J of Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90248-4","article-title":"Observations on the adequacy of breast-feeding.","volume":"ii","author":"Waterlow","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib5","first-page":"271","article-title":"Antimicrobial factors in human milk.","author":"McClelland","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib6","series-title":"Medicine in a tropical environment.","first-page":"229","author":"Rutishauser","year":"1972"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib7","first-page":"36","article-title":"Infant feeding practices and the development of malnutrition in rural Gambia.","volume":"1","author":"Whitehead","year":"1979","journal-title":"UN Univ Fd Nutr Bull"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib8","first-page":"483","article-title":"Breast milk fat concentrations of rural African women","volume":"55","author":"Prentice","year":"1981","journal-title":"1. Short-term variations within individuals. Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib9","first-page":"495","article-title":"Breast milk fat concentrations of rural African women 2","volume":"45","author":"Prentice","year":"1981","journal-title":"Long-term variations within a community. Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90352-4","article-title":"Infant growth and human milk requirements: a fresh approach.","volume":"ii","author":"Whitehead","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071674","article-title":"Thermogenesis and obesity","volume":"37","author":"James","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brit Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071680","article-title":"Lactation and infant nutrition","volume":"37","author":"Rowland","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brit Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91920-7","article-title":"Factors influencing lactation performance in rural Gambian mothers","volume":"2","author":"Whitehead","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib14","unstructured":"Paul AA. Successive babies and lactation performance. In preparation."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1945.tb16864.x","article-title":"Breast milk consumption of healthy full-term infants.","volume":"32","author":"Wallgren","year":"1944","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib16","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers","volume":"29","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"1976","journal-title":"II Lactose, nitrogen and protein content Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"sup.3","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib17","first-page":"182","article-title":"Breast milk consumption in healthy Swedish infants.","volume":"31","author":"Hofvander","year":"1979","journal-title":"Var Foda"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(81)80005-X","article-title":"Breast-feeding, growth and morbidity","volume":"1","author":"Chandra","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19810100","article-title":"Breast milk production in Australian women.","volume":"45","author":"Rattigan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-7159(21)03563-7","article-title":"Milk intakes and feeding patterns in breast-fed infants","volume":"77","author":"Pao","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Amer Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1981.tb05540.x","article-title":"Milk and mineral intakes of breast-fed babies","volume":"70","author":"Picciano","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib22","first-page":"714","article-title":"Etude qualitative et quantitative du lait des femmes indigenes du Kwango (Congo Belge)","volume":"9","author":"Holemans","year":"1954","journal-title":"Rev Med Liege"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib23","first-page":"177","article-title":"Breast-feeding and post partum amenorrhoea in Central Africa","volume":"26","author":"Hennart","year":"1980","journal-title":"I Milk production in rural areas. J Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib24","first-page":"155","article-title":"Lactation performance of Akamba mothers, Kenya","volume":"27","author":"Van","year":"1981","journal-title":"Breast-feeding behaviour, breast milk yield and composition. J Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib25","first-page":"139","article-title":"Nutrition and development of infants in poor rural areas","volume":"4","author":"Martinez","year":"1971","journal-title":"I Consumption of mother\u2019s milk by infants. Nutr Rep Internat"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib26","series-title":"Report on Health and Social Subj","article-title":"Recommended daily amounts of food energy and nutrients for groups of people in the United Kingdom.","year":"1979"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1971.tb07504.x","article-title":"Food consumption and growth of normal infants fed milk based formulas.","volume":"223","author":"Fomon","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib28","first-page":"141","article-title":"Breast milk intake measurement in mixed-fed infants by administration of deuterium oxide to their mothers.","volume":"36C","author":"Coward","year":"1982","journal-title":"Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib29","first-page":"339","article-title":"A critical analysis of measured food energy intakes during infancy and early childhood in comparison with current international recommendations","volume":"35","author":"Whitehead","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib30","series-title":"Human growth and development.","first-page":"63","article-title":"Nutritional intake.","author":"Beal","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib31","first-page":"48","article-title":"Adequacy of energy intake of infants","volume":"41","author":"Yeng","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Can Diet Ass"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)05945-9","article-title":"Diets in the first six months of infants in western Massachusetts","volume":"72","author":"Ferris","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Diet Ass"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)14035-0","article-title":"Diets of pre-school children in the North Central Region","volume":"59","author":"Fryer","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Am Diet Ass"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib34","first-page":"74A","article-title":"Food intake and anthropometric data on children under 4 years old living in the south of England","volume":"35","author":"Morgan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib35","first-page":"47A","article-title":"Feeding practices and food intake of children under two years of age.","volume":"36","author":"Morgan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19760014","article-title":"The diets of preschool children in Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1968- 71","volume":"35","author":"Black","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib37","article-title":"A nutrition survey of preschool children 1967-8.","volume":"l0","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rep Hlth Soc Subj"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib38","article-title":"A comparison of the energy and nutrient intakes of 305 Glasgow infants with current recommendations for the UK","volume":"40","author":"McKillop","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib39","first-page":"325","article-title":"Dietary survey methods","volume":"34","author":"Nelson","year":"1980","journal-title":"1. A semi-weighed technique for measuring dietary intake within families. J Hum Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib40","first-page":"571","article-title":"Food and nutrient intake of infants in the first fifteen months","volume":"22","author":"Vobecky","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nutr Rep Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib41","series-title":"Temperature regulation and energy metabolism in the new-born","first-page":"129","article-title":"Heat production in the newborn.","author":"Hull","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.50.2.142","article-title":"Revised standards for triceps and subscapular skinfolds in British children","volume":"50","author":"Tanner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childh"},{"issue":"Supplement 5","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447_bib43","first-page":"242","article-title":"Recommended dietary energy intakes for the first six months of life.","author":"Whitehead","year":"1981","journal-title":"UNU Food and Nutrition Bulletin"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523347865?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523347865?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/41\/2\/447\/23315160\/447.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T07:26:34Z","timestamp":1686295594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523347865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523347865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Infant physiology, nutritional requirements, and lactational adequacy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.447","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1985 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}