{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:40:22Z","timestamp":1787161222958,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,1]],"date-time":"1994-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":760060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,1]],"date-time":"1994-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":760060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477s","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T15:24:54Z","timestamp":1515165894000},"page":"477S-483S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Maternal calcium requirements during pregnancy and lactation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Prentice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Recommended dietary intakes in the European community member states: an overview","volume":"44","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib2","first-page":"939","article-title":"Recommended dietary allowances around the world. A report by Committee 1\/5 of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences 1982","volume":"53","author":"Truswell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nutr Abs Rev"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib3","series-title":"Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 41.","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297291","article-title":"Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis","volume":"50","author":"Abelow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930088","article-title":"The calcium and phosphorus intakes of rural Gambian women during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"69","author":"Prentice","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib6","series-title":"Modern lifestyles, lower energy intake and micronutrient status","first-page":"139","article-title":"Functional significance of marginal calcium deficiency.","author":"Prentice","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.4.783","article-title":"Calcium bioavailability and absorption: a review","volume":"35","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib8","series-title":"Human lactation 2: maternal and environmental factors","first-page":"93","article-title":"Cultural and environmental influences on the nutritional status of lactating women and their infants in Nepal.","author":"Moser","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib9","first-page":"A67","article-title":"Calcium metabolism in pregnant women with low calcium intakes.","volume":"7","author":"Woodhouse","year":"1993","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11504.x","article-title":"Breast-milk calcium concentrations during prolonged lactation in British and rural Gambian mothers","volume":"79","author":"Laskey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347609156802","article-title":"Unchanged total body calcium in normal pregnancy","volume":"55","author":"Christiansen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.3.466","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation to undernourished mothers during pregnancy on the bone density of the neonates","volume":"21","author":"Raman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347709162123","article-title":"Changes of bone mineral content during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"56","author":"Lamke","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib14","series-title":"Symposium Ossium","first-page":"151","article-title":"Measurements of bone mineral content, in vivo, by monochromatic radiation absorption.","author":"Sorenson","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(91)90092-E","article-title":"Bone density changes during pregnancy and lactation in active women: a longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Drinkwater","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bone Min"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650050409","article-title":"Human lactation: forearm trabecular bone loss, increased bone turnover, and renal conservation of calcium and inorganic phosphate with recovery of bone mass following weaning","volume":"5","author":"Kent","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1970.tb03567.x","article-title":"Loss of skeletal calcium in lactating women","volume":"77","author":"Atkinson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Commonwlth"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196749030-00007","article-title":"A reliable in vivo measurement of bonemineral content.","volume":"49A","author":"Sorenson","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.2.319","article-title":"Effects of increased dietary calcium intake upon the calcium and bone mineral status of lactating adolescent and adult women","volume":"46","author":"Chan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib20","first-page":"588","article-title":"The effects of lactation on bone mineral content in healthy postpartum women","volume":"73","author":"Hayslip","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0221-8747(84)90023-7","article-title":"Osteoporosis associated with pregnancy and lactation: bone biopsy and skeletal features in three patients","volume":"5","author":"Gruber","year":"1984","journal-title":"Metab Bone Dis Rel Dis"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92861-2","article-title":"Osteoporosis of pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116570","article-title":"Pregnancy and lactation as determinants of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"136","author":"Kritz-Silvertstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib24","unstructured":"PrenticeA.Calcium requirements for lactation and growth: calcium intakes and bone densities of lactating women and breast-fed infants in The Gambia. In: AllenLH, KingJC,LonnerdalB, eds. Nutrient regulation during pregnancy, lactation and infant growth.New York: Plenum Press(in press)."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleerekoper M, Peterson E, Nelson D, et al. Identification of women at risk for developing postmenopausal osteoporosis with vertebral fractures: role of history and single photon absorptiometry. Bone Min 1989; 7: 171-86.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(89)90074-3"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirksey A, Ernst JA, Roepke JL, Tsai T-L. Influence of mineral intake and use of oral contraceptives before pregnancy on the mineral content of human colostrum and of more mature milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 30-9.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.1.30"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaughan LA, Weber CW, Kemberling SR. Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 2301-6.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.11.2301"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib28","unstructured":"Prentice A, Barclay DV. Breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of mothers in rural Zaire. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991; 45: 611-7."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib29","unstructured":"Pettifor JM. Dietary calcium deficiency. In: Glorieux FH, ed. Rickets. New York: Raven Press, 1991:123-43."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib30","unstructured":"Prentice A. An appraisal of the adequacy of dietary mineral intakes in developing countries for bone growth and development in children. Nutr Res Rev (in press)."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar J, Belizan JM, Fischer PJ. Epidemiologic observations on the relationship between calcium intake and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1983; 21: 271-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(83)90016-4"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belizan JM, Villar J, Gonzalez L, Campodonico L, Bergel E. Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1399-405.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199111143252002"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Jamarillo P, Narvaez M, Weigel RM, Yepez R. Calcium supplementation reduces the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in an Andes population. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 96: 648-55.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03278.x"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Jamarillo P, Narvaez M, Felix C, Lopez A. Dietary calcium supplementation and prevention of pregnancy hypertension. Lancet 1990; 335: 293.","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90112-I"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belizan JM, Villar J, Zalazar A, Rojas L, Chan D, Bryce GF. Preliminary evidence on the effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in normal pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 146: 175-80.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)91049-9"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marya RK, Rathee S, Manrow M. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on toxaemia of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet 1987; 24: 38-42.","DOI":"10.1159\/000298772"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib37","unstructured":"Villar J, Repke J, Belizan JM, Pareja G. Calcium supplementation reduces blood pressure during pregnancy: results of a randomised controlled clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 317-22."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repke JT, Villar J, Anderson C, Pareja G, Dubin N, Belizan J. Biochemical changes associated with blood pressure reduction induced by calcium supplementation during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 684-90.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(89)80059-6"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar J, Repke JT. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce preterm delivery in high-risk populations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 1124-31.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90669-X"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight KB, Keith RE. Calcium supplementation of normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 891-95.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.4.891"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcoux S, Brisson J, Fabia J. Calcium intake from dairy products and supplements and the risks of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 1266-72.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115838"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heaney RP, Skillman TG. Calcium metabolism in normal human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971; 33: 661-70.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-33-4-661"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gertner JM, Coustan DR, Kliger AS, Mallette LE, Ravin N, Broadus AE. Pregnancy as state of physiologic absorptive hypercalciuria. Am J Med 1986; 81: 451-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90298-6"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kent GN, Price RI, Gutteridge DH, et al. The efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is increased in late pregnancy but not in established lactation. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 48: 293-95.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556384"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib45","unstructured":"King JC, Halloran BP, Huq N, Diamond T, Buckendahi PE. Calcium metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. In: Picciano MF, Lonnerdal B, eds. Mechanisms regulating lactation and infant nutrient utilization. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1992: 129-46."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cundy T, Kanis JA. Calcium homeostasis during pregnancy. Br Med J 1981; 283: 562-3.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.283.6290.562-c"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purdie DW, Aaron JE, Selby PL. Bone histology and mineral homeostasis in human pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 95: 849-54.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06568.x"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead M, Lane G, Young O, et al. Interrelations of calcium-regulating hormones during normal pregnancy. Br Med J 1981; 283: 10-2.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.283.6283.10"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitkin RM. Calcium metabolism in pregnancy and the perinatal period: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 99-109.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90434-X"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib50","unstructured":"Moser-Veillon PB, Vieira NE, Yergey AL, Nagey DA, Patterson KY, Veillon C. Fractional absorption and urinary excretion of calcium (Ca) stable isotopes in lactating and non-lactating women, FASEB J 1989; 3: A645(abstr)."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib51","unstructured":"Specker BL, Tsang RC, Ho M, Miller D. Effect of a vegetarian diet on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations during lactation. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 870-4."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 833-8.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281203"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferris TF. Pregnancy, preeclampsia, and the endothelial cell. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1439-0.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199111143252009"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apicella LL, Sobota AE. Increased risk of urinary tract infection associated with the use of calcium supplements. Viol Res 1990: 18: 213-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00295850"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S_bib55","unstructured":"Hallberg L, Rossander-Hulten L, Brune M, Gleerup A. Calcium and iron absorption: mechanism of action and nutritional importance. Eur I Clin Nutr 1992:46:317-27."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523194445?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523194445?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/59\/2\/477S\/24113333\/477s.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T19:52:05Z","timestamp":1733946725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523194445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523194445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477s","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Maternal calcium requirements during pregnancy and lactation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.477S","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1994 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}