{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T23:11:11Z","timestamp":1765667471419},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]],"date-time":"1995-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":815184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T19:59:28Z","timestamp":1717790368000},"page":"897-900","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Glutamine--a conditionally essential amino acid in cirrhosis?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"JC","family":"Teran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KD","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AJ","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib1","first-page":"E713","article-title":"Glutamine nitrogen kinetics in insulin dependent diabetic humans.","volume":"261","author":"Darmaun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800770227","article-title":"Effects of an amino acid solution enriched with either branched-chain amino acids or omithine-J-ketoglutarate on the postoperative intracellular amino acid concentration of skeletal muscle.","volume":"77","author":"Hammargvist","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117651","article-title":"A major gluconeogenic precursor and vehicle for interorgan carbon transport in man.","volume":"95","author":"Nuijhan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.11.070191.001441","article-title":"Glutamine. A key substrate for the splanchnic bed.","volume":"11","author":"Souba","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199202000-00004","article-title":"Glutamine preserves liver glutathione after lethal hepatic injury.","volume":"215","author":"Hong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(77)90531-8","article-title":"Phosphate-dependent glutaminase of small bowel. Localization and role in intestinal glutamine metabolism.","volume":"182","author":"Pinkus","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(90)90244-V","article-title":"Dietary modulation of small intestinal glutamine transport in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles of rats.","volume":"48","author":"Salloum","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib8","first-page":"147","article-title":"Glutamine is essential for epidermal growth factor-stimulated intestinal cell proliferation.","volume":"114","author":"Ko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1988.01400360029003","article-title":"A single dose of endotoxin increases intestinal permeability in healthy humans.","volume":"123","author":"O\u2019Dwyer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100S","DOI":"10.1177\/014860719001400413","article-title":"A review of the effects of glutamine-enriched diets on experimentally induced enterocolitis.","volume":"14","author":"Rombeau","year":"1990","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(90)90136-P","article-title":"Oral glutamine reduces bacterial translocation following abdominal radiation.","volume":"48","author":"Souba","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.8.1112","article-title":"Intestinal glutamine and ammonia metabolism during chronic hyperammonia induced by liver insufficiency.","volume":"34","author":"Dejong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116903","article-title":"Renal ammonia and glutamine metabolism during liver insufficiency induced hyperammonemia in the rat.","volume":"92","author":"Dejong","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109S","DOI":"10.1177\/014860719001400415","article-title":"Effects of glutamine-supplemented diets on immunology of the gut.","volume":"14","author":"Alverdy","year":"1990","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130S","DOI":"10.1177\/014860719001400419","article-title":"Glutamine. An anabolic effector?","volume":"14","author":"Roth","year":"1990","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(89)90140-6","article-title":"Skeletal muscle glutamine transport, intramuscular glutamine concentration and muscle protein turnover.","volume":"38","author":"Rennie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(89)90144-3","article-title":"Glutamine and omithine-a-ketoglutarate, but not branched-chain amino acids reduce the loss of muscle glutamine after surgical trauma.","volume":"38","author":"Wemerman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib18","first-page":"135","article-title":"Characteristic pattern of free amino acids in plasma and skeletal muscle in stable hepatic cirrhosis.","volume":"37","author":"Plauth","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040445","article-title":"Disordered energy and protein metabolism in liver disease.","volume":"11","author":"McCullough","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90772-Q","article-title":"Body cell mass and leucine metabolism in cirrhosis.","volume":"102","author":"McCullough","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199304000-00011","article-title":"\u201cHidden\u201d endotoxin in plasma in patients with alcoholic liver disease.","volume":"5","author":"Bode","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Gastrohepatol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib22","first-page":"11","article-title":"Endotoxemia, encephalopathy and mortality in cirrhotic patients.","volume":"82","author":"Bigatello","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91571-0","article-title":"Clearance of gut derived endotoxins by the liver.","volume":"96","author":"Fox","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib24","first-page":"118","article-title":"Malabsorption and nutritional abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis.","volume":"22","author":"Romiti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180520","article-title":"Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia.","volume":"18","author":"Guarner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib26","first-page":"64","article-title":"Reticuloendothelial dysfunction and endotoxemia following portal vein occlusion.","volume":"75","author":"Olcay","year":"1974","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90933-3","article-title":"Plasma endotoxin concentrations in patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease: reevaluation with an improved chromogenic assay.","volume":"12","author":"Fukui","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170622","article-title":"Bacterial translocation in acute and chronic portal hypertension.","volume":"17","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0770357","article-title":"Metabolic effects of tumor necrosis factor-a (cachectin) and interleukin 1.","volume":"77","author":"Evans","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130211","article-title":"Circulating tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations in chronic alcoholic patients.","volume":"13","author":"Khorutus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160437","article-title":"Nitric oxide: the elusive mediator of the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis.","volume":"16","author":"Whittle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199005000-00004","article-title":"The effects of sepsis and endotoxemia on gut glutamine metabolism.","volume":"211","author":"Souba","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib33","first-page":"G633","article-title":"Endotoxin induced ileal mucosal hyperpermeability in pigs: role of tissue acidosis.","volume":"266","author":"Salzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607194018003268","article-title":"L-Glutamine supplementation in home total parenteral nutrition patients: stability, safety, and effects on intestinal absorption.","volume":"18","author":"Hornsby-Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-10-821","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic efficiency of glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation.","volume":"116","author":"Ziegler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib36","first-page":"137S","article-title":"Safety and metabolic effects of L-Glutamine administration in humans.","volume":"14","author":"Ziegler","year":"1990","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107410","article-title":"Maximal rates of excretion and synthesis of urea in normal and cirrhotic subjects.","volume":"52","author":"Rudman","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1971.00310180049005","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine as a measure of hepatic encephalopathy.","volume":"127","author":"Hourani","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92119-6","article-title":"Hyperammonemia, plasma amino acid imbalance and blood brain amino acid transport: a unified theory of portal-systemic encephalopathy.","volume":"2","author":"James","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897_bib40","first-page":"A-l138","article-title":"Oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotics awaiting liver transplantation: a psychometric and analysed EEG study.","volume":"108","author":"Oppong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523190411?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523190411?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T20:08:49Z","timestamp":1717790929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523190411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523190411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Glutamine--a conditionally essential amino acid in cirrhosis?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.897","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1995 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}