{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:17:25Z","timestamp":1792275445904,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8033,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T20:38:58Z","timestamp":1519159138000},"page":"586-593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Serum retinol distributions in residents of the United States: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Carol","family":"Ballew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L","family":"Sowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathleen","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib1","series-title":"Ten-state nutrition survey, 1968\u20131970. IV. Biochemical.","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.11.2346","article-title":"Low vitamin A and zinc concentrations in Mexican-American migrant children with growth retardation","volume":"33","author":"Chase","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib3","series-title":"Assessment of the vitamin A nutritional status of the US population based on data collected in the Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.2.247","article-title":"Ethnic and racial differences in serum vitamin A levels of children aged 4\u201311 years","volume":"47","author":"Looker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.6.1490","article-title":"Serum retinol levels of persons aged 4\u201374 years from three Hispanic groups","volume":"48","author":"Looker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib6","series-title":"Third report on nutrition monitoring in the United States, volume 2.","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib7","series-title":"National Center for Health Statistics. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988\u201394), reference manuals and reports (CD-ROM).","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib8","series-title":"National Center for Health Statistics. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u201394, NHANES III examination data file (CD-ROM).","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib9","series-title":"National Center for Health Statistics. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u201394, NHANES III laboratory data file (CD-ROM).","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib10","series-title":"National Center for Health Statistics. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u201394, NHANES III dietary supplement data file (CD-ROM series 11, no. 2A).","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.suppl_11.1451","article-title":"Quality control in planning and operating the laboratory component for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"120","author":"Gunter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.3.411","article-title":"Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein\/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans -beta-carotene, and four retinyl esters in serum determined simultaneously be reversed-phase HPLC with multiwavelength detection","volume":"40","author":"Sowell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113974","article-title":"Effects of intraindividual and interindividual variation in repeated dietary records","volume":"121","author":"Sempos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/117.9.1638","article-title":"Number of days of food intake records required to estimate individual and group nutrient intakes with defined confidence","volume":"117","author":"Basiotis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib15","series-title":"A user\u2019s guide to SIDE. Software for intake distribution estimation. Version 1.0.","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476712","article-title":"A semiparametric transformation approach to estimating usual daily nutrient intakes","volume":"91","author":"Nusser","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.12.2281","article-title":"Development and validation of sensitive method for determination of serum cotinine in smokers and nonsmokers by liquid chromatography\/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"43","author":"Benert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90187-2","article-title":"Serum cotinine levels in pipe smokers: evidence against nicotine as cause of coronary heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Wald","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.149","article-title":"How the steady-state cotinine concentration in cigarette smokers is directly related to nicotine intake","volume":"52","author":"Rosa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib20","series-title":"Principles of nutritional assessment.","author":"Gibson","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib21","series-title":"Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride.","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib22","series-title":"SUDAAN user\u2019s manual, release 7.5.","author":"Shah","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib23","series-title":"Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods.","author":"Kleinbaum","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600503","article-title":"Vitamin A and vitamin E statuses of preschool children of socioeconomically disadvantaged families living in the midwestern United States","volume":"51","author":"Spannaus-Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115365","article-title":"Determinants of plasma levels of beta-carotene and retinol. Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group","volume":"130","author":"Nierenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117224","article-title":"Determinants of plasma vitamins and lipids: The Working Well Study","volume":"140","author":"Hebert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.6.924","article-title":"Vitamin A and vitamin A concentrations in plasma adjusted for cholesterol and triacylglycerols by multiple regression","volume":"41","author":"Jordan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib28","first-page":"815","article-title":"The association between participant characteristics and serum concentrations of beta-carotene, retinol, retinyl palmitate, and alpha-tocopherol among participants in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) for prevention of lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Goodman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.4.855","article-title":"Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study","volume":"129","author":"Rock","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(85)90160-0","article-title":"The effect of vitamin A supplementation on serum retinol and retinol binding protein levels","volume":"29","author":"Wald","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1992.10718267","article-title":"Lack of an effect of multivitamins containing vitamin A on serum retinyl esters and liver function tests in healthy women","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.4.559","article-title":"Vitamins A, E and carotene: effects of supplementation on their plasma levels","volume":"38","author":"Willett","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib33","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and plasma retinol levels: a randomized trial among women","volume":"73","author":"Willett","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of dietary supplements in the United States, 1988\u201394","volume":"244","author":"Ervin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 11"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.12.2355","article-title":"Supplement users differ from nonusers in demographic, lifestyle, dietary and health characteristics","volume":"128","author":"Lyle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.12.3001","article-title":"Dietary intake of fat, fiber and other nutrients is related to the use of vitamin and mineral supplements in the United States: the 1992 National Health Interview Survey","volume":"126","author":"Slesinski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(98)00068-6","article-title":"Dietary supplement use by women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. The Women\u2019s Healthy Eating and Living Study Group","volume":"98","author":"Newman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404193101605","article-title":"Vitamin A and retinoids in health and disease","volume":"310","author":"Goodman","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523065516?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523065516?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/73\/3\/586\/23963004\/586.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:35:41Z","timestamp":1686278141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523065516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523065516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Serum retinol distributions in residents of the United States: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/73.3.586","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2001 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}