{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:47:32Z","timestamp":1792540052077,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7543,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T21:12:43Z","timestamp":1516828363000},"page":"187-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":743,"title":["Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994,"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Shanna","family":"Nesby-O\u2019Dell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley S","family":"Scanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E","family":"Cogswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathleen","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce W","family":"Hollis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C","family":"Looker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Doughertly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine W","family":"Gunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.109008","article-title":"Vitamin D-deficient rickets: the reemergence of a once-conquered disease","volume":"137","author":"Welch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib2","first-page":"224","article-title":"Severe malnutrition among young children\u2014Georgia, January 1997\u2013June 1999","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.109009","article-title":"Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants","volume":"137","author":"Kreiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib4","first-page":"e45","article-title":"Nutritional rickets in Georgia","volume":"107","author":"Tomashek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics [serial online]"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-59-4-652","article-title":"Evaluation of the total fetomaternal vitamin D relationships at term: evidence for racial differences","volume":"59","author":"Hollis","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.6.1035","article-title":"Breast-feeding and the use of human milk","volume":"100","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.484S","article-title":"Do North American women need supplemental vitamin D during pregnancy or lactation?","volume":"59","author":"Specker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.3.771","article-title":"Subclinical vitamin D deficiency in neonates: definition and response to vitamin D supplements","volume":"65","author":"Zeghoud","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000057442","article-title":"Differences in calcium metabolism between black and white men and women","volume":"25","author":"Bikle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.6.1232","article-title":"Seasonal changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of young American black and white women","volume":"67","author":"Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.6.948","article-title":"Histomorphometric assessment of bone mass, structure, and remodeling: a comparison between healthy black and white premenopausal women","volume":"12","author":"Parisien","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib12","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Aging and bone metabolism in African American and Caucasian women","volume":"81","author":"Perry","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib13","series-title":"Modern nutrition in health and disease.","first-page":"329","article-title":"Vitamin D","author":"Holick","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib14","first-page":"452","article-title":"Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesize vitamin D3","volume":"1","author":"Clemens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib15","series-title":"Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride.","first-page":"250","article-title":"Vitamin D","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib16","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Antepartum care and maternal and newborn nutrition. In: Hauth JC, Merenstein GB, eds. Guidelines for perinatal care. 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: 1997: 65\u201392, 279\u201393."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib17","series-title":"Plan and operation of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988\u20131994.","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-2-405","article-title":"Vitamin D status and related parameters in a health population: the effects of age, sex, and season","volume":"71","author":"Sherman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555109","article-title":"The effect of endogenous estrogen fluctuation of metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"34","author":"Buchanan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718760","article-title":"The association of oral contraceptive use with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels","volume":"17","author":"Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400100053009","article-title":"Oral contraceptive use may protect against low bone mass","volume":"151","author":"Kleerekoper","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.4.621","article-title":"Parameters related to 25-OH-D levels in a population-based study of women","volume":"43","author":"Sowers","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib23","series-title":"Laboratory methods used for the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988\u20131994.","author":"Gunter","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530210037027","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons","volume":"274","author":"Gloth","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-4-644","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and parathyroid function in elderly subjects","volume":"67","author":"Lips","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803193381201","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients","volume":"338","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.6.1075","article-title":"An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78933-9","article-title":"Redefining vitamin D insufficiency","volume":"351","author":"Malabanan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050030","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population","volume":"7","author":"Chapuy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.6.1108","article-title":"Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system","volume":"67","author":"Norman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib31","first-page":"607","article-title":"Survey of vitamin content of fortified milk","volume":"71","author":"Tanner","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Assoc Off Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199204303261802","article-title":"The vitamin D content of fortified milk and infant formula","volume":"326","author":"Holick","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292021","article-title":"An update on the vitamin D content of fortified milk from the United States and Canada","volume":"329","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib34","series-title":"Bowes and Church\u2019s food values of portion commonly used.","first-page":"411","author":"Pennington","year":"1994"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.3.638S","article-title":"Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D","volume":"61","author":"Holick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600870","article-title":"The influence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism","volume":"53","author":"Brot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690","article-title":"Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity","volume":"72","author":"Wortsman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib38","series-title":"Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults.","first-page":"xii","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib39","series-title":"SUDAAN: software for survey data analysis, release 7.5.4A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111971","article-title":"Evidence for alterations of the vitamin D endocrine system in obese subjects","volume":"76","author":"Bell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555135","article-title":"Low circulating vitamin D in obesity","volume":"43","author":"Liel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(97)90177-3","article-title":"Comparison of body composition in black and white premenopausal women","volume":"129","author":"Aloia","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650010203","article-title":"Evidence that obesity does not influence the vitamin D endocrine system in blacks","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187_bib44","series-title":"Principles of nutritional assessment.","first-page":"37","article-title":"Food consumption of individuals","author":"Gibson","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523058586?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916523058586?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/76\/1\/187\/23658847\/187.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T16:59:36Z","timestamp":1740761976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916523058586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916523058586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994,","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.187","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2002 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}