{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:09:40Z","timestamp":1791238180817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":407,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6152,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]],"date-time":"2018-02-16T23:42:02Z","timestamp":1518824522000},"page":"993-1016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":378,"title":["Folate and human reproduction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Tsunenobu","family":"Tamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Frances","family":"Picciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib1","series-title":"The megaloblastic anaemias.","first-page":"786","author":"Chanarin","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3676.1059","article-title":"Treatment of \u201cpernicious anaemia of pregnancy\u201d and \u201ctropical anaemia\u201d with special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent","volume":"1","author":"Wills","year":"1931","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib3","series-title":"Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. Maternal nutrition and the course of pregnancy.","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91895-7","article-title":"Folic acid metabolism and human embryopathy","volume":"i","author":"Hibbard","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.51.12.944","article-title":"Vitamin deficiencies and neural tube defects","volume":"51","author":"Smithells","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childh"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90133-A","article-title":"Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study","volume":"338","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212243272602","article-title":"Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation","volume":"327","author":"Czeizel","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib8","first-page":"8781","article-title":"Food standards: amendment of standards of identity for enriched grain products to require addition of folic acid","volume":"61","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00072.x","article-title":"Folic acid food fortification in Canada","volume":"62","author":"Ray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00073.x","article-title":"The Costa Rican experience: reduction of neural tube defects following food fortification programs","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00074.x","article-title":"Folic acid fortification of wheat flour: Chile","volume":"62","author":"Hertrampf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib12","series-title":"Folate in health and disease.","first-page":"23","article-title":"Biochemical role of folate in cellular metabolism","author":"Wagner","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510220049033","article-title":"Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population","volume":"270","author":"Selhub","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib14","series-title":"Folate in health and disease.","first-page":"75","article-title":"Clinical Implications of hyperhomocysteinemia","author":"Green","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90007-4","article-title":"Accelerated folate breakdown in pregnancy","volume":"341","author":"McPartlin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.204","article-title":"Folate catabolism in pregnant and nonpregnant women with controlled folate intakes","volume":"128","author":"Caudill","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11115.x","article-title":"The relationship between increased folate catabolism and the increased requirement for folate in pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Higgins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.7.1928","volume":"131","author":"Gregory","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1971.tb00336.x","article-title":"The excretion of folate in pregnancy","volume":"78","author":"Landon","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1972.tb12188.x","article-title":"Urinary excretion of folate in pregnancy","volume":"79","author":"Fleming","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.17.2.165","article-title":"Folic acid and vitamin B12 levels in pregnancy and their relation to megaloblastic anaemia","volume":"17","author":"Ball","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Clin Path"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1964.tb04298.x","article-title":"Serum folic acid activity and vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy","volume":"71","author":"Martin","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Obstet Gyn Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348109158126","article-title":"Plasma and red blood cell folate during normal pregnancies","volume":"60","author":"Ek","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(85)90014-0","article-title":"Maternal serum folacin levels during and after normal pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Bruinse","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Folate status during pregnancy and lactation in a West African rural community","volume":"40C","author":"Bates","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hum Nutr: Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348609158223","article-title":"Iron, zinc and folate status during pregnancy and two months after delivery","volume":"65","author":"Qvist","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(95)02150-Q","article-title":"Changes of some vitamin levels during and after normal pregnancy","volume":"61","author":"Bruinse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2000209","article-title":"Longitudinal vitamin and homocysteine levels in normal pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Cikot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.7.1101","article-title":"Expression of arylamine N-acetyltransferases in preterm placentas and in human pre-implantation embryos","volume":"9","author":"Smelt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(00)00149-5","article-title":"Placental arylamine N-acetyltransferase type 1: potential contributory source of urinary folate catabolite p-aminobenzoylglutamate during pregnancy","volume":"1542","author":"Upton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35646","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005864200","article-title":"Purification and properties of a folate-catabolizing enzyme","volume":"275","author":"Suh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91409-6","article-title":"Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy. The pathogenesis of megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy","volume":"ii","author":"Chanarin","year":"1959","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1972.tb14205.x","article-title":"Plasma folate levels following an oral load of folic acid during pregnancy","volume":"79","author":"Landon","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V36.5.628.628","article-title":"Folic acid absorption in pregnancy: comparison of the pteroylpolyglutamate and pteroylmonoglutamate","volume":"36","author":"McLean","year":"1970","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00556.x","article-title":"Transfer of folate to the fetus","volume":"82","author":"Landon","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90706-7","article-title":"Role of placenta in maternal-fetal vitamin transfer in humans","volume":"141","author":"Baker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib37","first-page":"184","article-title":"Maternal-to-fetal transfer of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by the perfused human placental cotyledon: evidence for a concentrative role by placental folate receptors in fetal folate delivery","volume":"126","author":"Henderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2003.11.010","article-title":"Placental folate transport and binding are not impaired in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction","volume":"25","author":"Bisseling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/13861","article-title":"Mice lacking the folic acid-binding protein Folbp1 are defective in early embryonic development","volume":"23","author":"Piedrahita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.16.070196.002441","article-title":"Folate receptors","volume":"16","author":"Antony","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib41","first-page":"207","article-title":"Appearance of a folate binder in leukocytes and serum of women who are pregnant or taking oral contraceptives","volume":"83","author":"da Costa","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.11.4261","article-title":"Purification of folate binding factor in normal umbilical cord serum","volume":"72","author":"Kamen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80553-1","article-title":"Folate compartments during gestational maturation","volume":"96","author":"Gross","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(71)90505-4","article-title":"A soluble dihydrofolate reductase from human placenta: purification and properties","volume":"142","author":"Jarabak","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(72)90089-4","article-title":"Placental \u03b3-glutamyl carboxypeptidase","volume":"3","author":"Landon","year":"1972","journal-title":"Int J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38775-6","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of methionine synthetase from human placenta","volume":"260","author":"Utley","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08151.x","article-title":"The influence of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes on enzyme activity in placental tissue","volume":"106","author":"Daly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0317","article-title":"Low serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity in the human placenta has important implications for fetal glycine supply","volume":"90","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib49","first-page":"278:43178","article-title":"Human mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase. Gene structure, tissue distribution of the mRNA, and immunolocalization in Chinese hamster ovary calls","volume":"31","author":"Prasannan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.19.1.1","article-title":"An account of 335 cases of megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy and the puerperium","volume":"19","author":"Giles","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.46.250.810","article-title":"Relation between maternal and infant blood folate activities","volume":"46","author":"Landon","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childh"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.1.59","article-title":"Vitamin profile of 174 mothers and newborns at parturition","volume":"28","author":"Baker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80497-5","article-title":"Plasma and red cell folate values in newborn infants and their mothers in relation to gestational age","volume":"97","author":"Ek","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121105","article-title":"Maternal and fetal plasma homocysteine concentrations at birth: the influence of folate, vitamin B12, and the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C\u2192T variant","volume":"186","author":"Molloy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01307.x","article-title":"Relationship between total homocysteine and folate levels in pregnant women and their newborn babies according to maternal serum levels of vitamin B12","volume":"109","author":"Guerra-Shinohara","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19720096","article-title":"Nutrient stores in human foetal livers","volume":"27","author":"Iyengar","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.10.1085","article-title":"Folic acid and vitamin B12 determination in fetal liver","volume":"28","author":"Vaz Pinto","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80504-0","article-title":"Nutritional anemia. VI. Fetal hepatic storage of metabolites in the second half of pregnancy","volume":"91","author":"Lor\u00eda","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5484.396","article-title":"Hepatic folate in man","volume":"2","author":"Chanarin","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.4.862","article-title":"Folate levels in human liver from autopsies in Canada","volume":"33","author":"Hoppner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1988.tb03478.x","article-title":"Amniotic fluid folate, vitamin B12 and transcobalamins in neural tube defects","volume":"33","author":"Gardiki-Kouidou","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000243747","article-title":"Nutrient levels in amniotic fluid from women with normal and neural tube defect pregnancies","volume":"61","author":"Weekes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1994.22.3.227","article-title":"Relationship between amniotic fluid and maternal blood nutrient levels","volume":"22","author":"Tamura","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Perinatal Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197305000-00006","article-title":"Development of methyltransferase activities of human fetal tissues","volume":"7","author":"Gaull","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198208000-00008","article-title":"Differences in liver folate enzyme patterns in premature and full term infants","volume":"16","author":"Kalnitsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1976.tb01584.x","article-title":"Increased brain activity of methylene reductase during early development","volume":"27","author":"Ordo\u00f1ez","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1900451","article-title":"Liver enzymes of serine metabolism during neonatal development of the rat","volume":"190","author":"Snell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib68","first-page":"G873","article-title":"Ontogeny of hepatic enzymes involved in serine- and folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in rabbits","volume":"280","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20105","article-title":"Maternal folate deficiency results in selective upregulation of folate receptors and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 associated with multiple subtle aberrations in fetal tissues","volume":"73","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(86)90049-1","article-title":"Total homocyst(e)ine in plasma and amniotic fluid of pregnant women","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib71","first-page":"377","article-title":"Decreased serum homocysteine in pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Andersson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10642.x","article-title":"Maternal and fetal levels of methionine and homocysteine in early human pregnancy","volume":"104","author":"Steegers-Theunissen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80005-7","article-title":"The relationship between maternal and neonatal umbilical cord plasma homocyst(e)ine suggests a potential role for maternal homocyst(e)ine in fetal metabolism","volume":"178","author":"Malinow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00402-8","article-title":"Effect of smoking on serum concentrations of total homocysteine and B vitamins in mid-pregnancy","volume":"306","author":"Pag\u00e1n","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.3.614","article-title":"The pregnancy-related decrease in fasting plasma homocysteine is not explained by folic acid supplementation, hemodilution, or a decrease in albumin in a longitudinal study","volume":"76","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601729","article-title":"Effects of the interaction between the C677T 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and serum B vitamins on homocysteine levels in pregnant women","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2003.07.007","article-title":"Renal handling of homocysteine during normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"11","author":"Powers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90474-3","article-title":"Neural tube defects and elevated homocysteine levels in amniotic fluid","volume":"172","author":"Steegers-Theunissen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91743-8","article-title":"Mutated methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase as a risk factor for spina bifida","volume":"346","author":"van den Put","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980630)78:2<155::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Low blood folates in NTD pregnancies are only partly explained by thermolabile 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: low folate status alone may be the critical factor","volume":"78","author":"Molloy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90046-X","article-title":"Folate status, homocysteine metabolism, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase genotype in rural South African blacks with a history of pregnancy complicated by neural tube defects","volume":"48","author":"Ubbink","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(20000103)90:1<6::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Amniotic fluid homocysteine levels, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes, and neural tube closure sites","volume":"90","author":"Wenstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(20000103)90:1<12::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Role of amniotic fluid homocysteine level and of fetal 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype in the etiology of neural tube defects","volume":"90","author":"Wenstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3940.74","article-title":"Absence of cystathionase in human fetal liver: is cystine essential?","volume":"169","author":"Sturman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00013-8","article-title":"Determination of food folate","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib86","series-title":"Folic acid metabolism in health and disease.","first-page":"121","article-title":"Microbiological assay of folates","author":"Tamura","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020523000702","article-title":"Trienzyme extraction in combination with microbiological assay in food folate analysis: an updated review","volume":"230","author":"Hyun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib88","series-title":"Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, panthothenic acid, biotin, and choline.","first-page":"196","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.6.1388","article-title":"Absorption of folate from fortified cereal-grain products and of supplemental folate consumed with or without food determined by using a dual-label stable-isotope protocol","volume":"66","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1973.tb01763.x","article-title":"The availability of food folate in man","volume":"25","author":"Tamura","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.4.376","article-title":"Availability of folates from some foods","volume":"29","author":"Babu","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.4.911","article-title":"Determining bioavailability of food folates in a controlled intervention study","volume":"80","author":"Hannon-Fletcher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5602.394","article-title":"Normal dietary folate, iron, and protein intake, with particular reference to pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Chanarin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.6.707","article-title":"Folate content of diets in pregnancy: comparison of diets collected at home and diets prepared from dietary records","volume":"26","author":"Moscovitch","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib95","first-page":"797","article-title":"The incidence and prevention of folate deficiency in a pregnant clinic population","volume":"95","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1966","journal-title":"Can Med Ass J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib96","first-page":"163","article-title":"Red cell folate values of a group of non pregnant mothers","volume":"71","author":"Martinez","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib97","first-page":"660","article-title":"Seasonal variations in vitamins A, C, riboflavin and folate intakes and status of pregnant and lactating women in a rural Gambian community: some possible implications","volume":"48","author":"Bates","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.4.520","article-title":"Dietary and serum folate: their influence on the outcome of pregnancy","volume":"63","author":"Scholl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00645-1","article-title":"Estimates of the effects of folic-acid fortification and folic-acid bioavailability for women","volume":"17","author":"Boushey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.076","article-title":"Second trimester folate status and preterm birth","volume":"191","author":"Siega-Riz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.669","article-title":"Status of plasma folate after folic acid fortification of the food supply in pregnant African American women and the influences of diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption","volume":"81","author":"Stark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib102","series-title":"Recommended Dietary Allowances.","first-page":"150","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988\u201391","volume":"258","author":"Alaimo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.12.2363","article-title":"Folate status response to controlled folate intake in pregnant women","volume":"127","author":"Caudill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5529.1568","article-title":"Investigation of folic acid requirements in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Willoughby","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/00016346709157078","article-title":"Folic acid dosage in prophylactic treatment during pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Hansen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5602.390","article-title":"Folate status and requirement in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Chanarin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.5.465","article-title":"Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. III. Effect in pregnant subjects of varying amounts of added folic acid","volume":"28","author":"Colman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1965.tb00100.x","article-title":"Some observations on the changes preceding the development of megaloblastic anaemia in pregnancy with particular reference to the neutrophil leucocytes","volume":"11","author":"Chanarin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1971.tb00337.x","article-title":"Neutrophil hypersegmentation and defective folate metabolism in pregnancy","volume":"78","author":"Hibbard","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5753.81","article-title":"Further observations on the relation between iron and folate status in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Chanarin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-101-24936","article-title":"Histidine metabolic loading test to distinguish folic acid deficiency from vit. B12 in megaloblastic anemias.","volume":"101","author":"Luhby","year":"1959","journal-title":"Proc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/10408368409165775","article-title":"The deoxyuridine suppression test","volume":"20","author":"Metz","year":"1984","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5206.1111","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 100 cases of severe megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Gatenby","year":"1960","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1961.tb02718.x","article-title":"Megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy and the puerperium","volume":"68","author":"Ainley","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1972.21.587","article-title":"Iron and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy in western Venezuela","volume":"21","author":"Diez-Ewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1974.tb70933.x","article-title":"Pregnancy anaemia, iron and folate deficiency in Western Australia","volume":"2","author":"Fleming","year":"1974","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(75)90523-2","article-title":"Folic acid deficiency in the United States: folate assays in a prenatal clinic","volume":"123","author":"Herbert","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1986.11812006","article-title":"The prevention of anaemia in pregnancy in primigravidae in the guinea savanna of Nigeria","volume":"80","author":"Fleming","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib120","first-page":"148","article-title":"Iron and folate status of pregnant black women in Gazankulu","volume":"70","author":"Baynes","year":"1986","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1989.11812309","article-title":"The aetiology of severe anaemia in pregnancy in Ndola, Zambia","volume":"83","author":"Fleming","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07105-7","article-title":"Short interpregnancy intervals and unfavourable pregnancy outcome: role of folate depletion","volume":"358","author":"Smits","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001376","article-title":"Inter-pregnancy folate and iron status of women in an inner-city population","volume":"86","author":"Doyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5370.1430","article-title":"Aetiological factors in abruptio placentae","volume":"2","author":"Hibbard","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1964.tb04317.x","article-title":"The role of folic acid in pregnancy with particular reference to anaemia, abruption and abortion","volume":"71","author":"Hibbard","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1966.tb05119.x","article-title":"Accidental haemorrhage and folic acid deficiency","volume":"73","author":"Menon","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02958950","article-title":"The aetiology of abruptio placentae with special reference to folate metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Henry","year":"1968","journal-title":"Irish J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196704062761403","article-title":"Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"276","author":"Steriff","year":"1967","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1969.tb09467.x","article-title":"Abruptio placentae and defective folate metabolism in Singapore women","volume":"76","author":"Hibbard","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(69)90003-9","article-title":"Maternal folate deficiency and pregnancy wastage. I. Placental abruption","volume":"105","author":"Whalley","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(71)90895-7","article-title":"Obstetric and fetal complications in folate-deficient adolescent girls","volume":"111","author":"Daniel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1972.tb15787.x","article-title":"Folic acid deficiency and abruptio placentae","volume":"79","author":"Hall","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90365-X","article-title":"On reducing the frequency of severe abruptio placentae","volume":"165","author":"Pritchard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90725-I","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent spontaneous abortion or abruptio placentae","volume":"339","author":"Steegers-Theunissen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(96)02383-4","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia: a risk factor for placental abruption or infarction","volume":"66","author":"Goddijn-Wessel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005373810756","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia\u2014a risk factor for abruptio placentae","volume":"20","author":"Owen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Inher Metab Dis"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.962","article-title":"Plasma total homocysteine, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study","volume":"71","author":"Vollset","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000129955.47943.2a","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia, pregnancy complications, and the timing of investigation","volume":"104","author":"Steegers-Theunissen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.2.467","article-title":"Plasma total cysteine, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study","volume":"77","author":"El-Khairy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(00)00540-6","article-title":"Combined heterozygosity for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations C677T and A1298C is associated with abruptio placentae but not with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"97","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.01.019","article-title":"Associations between maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study","volume":"117","author":"Nurk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2003.05.002","article-title":"Fetal inherited thrombophilias influence the severity of preeclampsia, IUGR and placental abruption","volume":"113","author":"Anteby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30354","article-title":"MTHFD1 R653Q polymorphism is a maternal genetic risk factor for severe abruptio placentae","volume":"132A","author":"Parle-McDermott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib144","first-page":"29","article-title":"Maternal folate deficiency and pregnancy wastage. III. Pregnancy-induced hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Whalley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1974.tb00495.x","article-title":"Nutritional anaemia during pregnancy. A comparative study of two socio-economic classes","volume":"81","author":"Molina","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00223-8","article-title":"Elevated homocyst(e)ine levels with preeclampsia","volume":"90","author":"Rajkovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70033-X","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine concentration is increased in preeclampsia and is associated with evidence of endothelial activation","volume":"179","author":"Powers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib148","first-page":"489","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine levels elevated and inversely related to insulin sensitivity in preeclampsia","volume":"93","author":"Laivuori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109044","article-title":"Second-trimester plasma homocysteine levels and pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"183","author":"Hogg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11095.x","article-title":"Elevated circulating homocyst(e)ine levels in placental vascular disease and associated pre-eclampsia","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.105199","article-title":"A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene as a new risk factor for placental vasculopathy","volume":"182","author":"van der Molen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib152","first-page":"527","article-title":"Serum homocysteine at 16 weeks and subsequent preeclampsia","volume":"97","author":"Hietala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117304","article-title":"Elevated plasma homocysteine in early pregnancy: a risk factor for the development of severe preeclampsia","volume":"185","author":"Cotter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.5.474","article-title":"Plasma folate, vitamin B12, and homocyst(e)ine concentrations in preeclamptic and normotensive Peruvian women","volume":"153","author":"Sanchez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2001.tb01284.x","article-title":"The relation between plasma homocysteine concentration and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism in pregnant women","volume":"27","author":"Murakami","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00669-0","article-title":"Elevated plasma homocysteine in early pregnancy: a risk factor for the development of nonsevere preeclampsia","volume":"189","author":"Cotter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00543-X","article-title":"Homocysteine plasma concentration levels for the prediction of preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension","volume":"189","author":"Zeeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00367-6","article-title":"Plasma total homocysteine in uncomplicated pregnancy and in preeclampsia","volume":"108","author":"L\u00f3pez-Quesada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib159","first-page":"762","article-title":"The 677 C-T methylenetratrahydrofolate reductase mutation does not predict increased maternal homocysteine during pregnancy","volume":"101","author":"Powers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200310000-00019","article-title":"The search for thrombophilic gene mutations in women with gestational hypertension does not help in predicting poor pregnancy outcome","volume":"21","author":"D\u2019Aniello","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000126580.81230.da","article-title":"Homocysteine and folic acid are inversely related in black women with preeclampsia","volume":"43","author":"Patrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2004.00513.x","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein and homocysteine levels correlate inversely in preeclamptic women in northern Nigeria","volume":"83","author":"Vanderjagt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000079067","article-title":"Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and elevated soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 concentrations are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia","volume":"58","author":"Vadachkoria","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000151117.52952.b6","article-title":"Mapping the theories of preeclampsia: the role of homocysteine","volume":"105","author":"Mignini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.032698","article-title":"Homocysteine is lower in the third trimester of pregnancy in women with enhanced folate status from continued folic acid supplementation","volume":"51","author":"Holmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.15.1776","article-title":"Association between folic acid food fortification and hypertension or preeclampsia in pregnancy","volume":"162","author":"Ray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.34.6.525","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and pre-eclampsia","volume":"34","author":"Sohda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656110","article-title":"Factor V Leiden, C>T MTHFR polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to preeclampsia","volume":"77","author":"Grandone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(98)00052-5","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, folate, and susceptibility to preeclampsia","volume":"6","author":"Powers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901073400102","article-title":"Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy","volume":"340","author":"Kupferminc","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000010291","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms are not a risk factor for pre-eclampsia\/eclampsia in Australian women","volume":"50","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib172","first-page":"1085","article-title":"The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C\u2192T polymorphism and preeclampsia in two populations","volume":"99","author":"Prasmusinto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2004.02.004","article-title":"A mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is not associated with preeclampsia in women of southeast Mexico","volume":"35","author":"P\u00e9rez-Mutul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000112217.33111.23","article-title":"Maternal and fetal variants of genetic thrombophilias and the risk of preeclampsia","volume":"15","author":"Vefring","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.0355.x","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in black South Africans and the association with preeclampsia","volume":"83","author":"Pegoraro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050410001680037","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C\u2192T polymorphism and plasma folate in relation to pre-eclampsia risk among Peruvian women","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.1.7","article-title":"Relation between folate status, a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations","volume":"93","author":"Jacques","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200409000-00004","article-title":"Association of C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene with hypertension in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Kosmas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91826-X","article-title":"Serum-folic-acid in recurrent abortions","volume":"i","author":"Martin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.10.2292","article-title":"Serum levels of folate and cobalamin in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"12","author":"S\u00fctterlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib181","first-page":"519","article-title":"Homocysteine and folate levels as risk factors for recurrent early pregnancy loss","volume":"95","author":"Nelen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601654","article-title":"Maternal periconceptional biochemical and hematological parameters, vitamin profiles and pregnancy outcome","volume":"57","author":"de Weerd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib183","first-page":"107","article-title":"Preconception folate and vitamin B6 status and clinical spontaneous abortion in Chinese women","volume":"100","author":"Ronnenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.15.1867","article-title":"Plasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion","volume":"288","author":"George","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05969-4","article-title":"Folic acid supplements during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage","volume":"358","author":"Gindler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911113412001","article-title":"Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China","volume":"341","author":"Berry","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390940","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Final report","volume":"255","author":"Czeizel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56282-7","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia: a risk factor in women with unexplained recurrent early pregnancy loss","volume":"60","author":"Wouters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.8.1336","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism affects the change in homocysteine and folate concentrations resulting from low dose folic acid supplementation in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages","volume":"128","author":"Nelen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)00451-2","article-title":"A woman with five consecutive fetal deaths: case report and retrospective analysis of hyperhomocysteinemia prevalence in 100 consecutive women with recurrent miscarriages","volume":"69","author":"Quere","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01595-8","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent early pregnancy loss: a meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Nelen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00133-8","article-title":"Hypercoagulable state mutation analysis in white patients with early first-trimester recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"71","author":"Kutteh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010053431405","article-title":"Mutations in coagulation factors in women with unexplained late fetal loss","volume":"343","author":"Martinelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.2.458","article-title":"Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations, but not methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, are associated with recurrent miscarriages","volume":"15","author":"Foka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib195","first-page":"614","article-title":"The C677T polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and idiopathic recurrent miscarriage","volume":"99","author":"Unfried","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1086\/303082","article-title":"Neonatal and fetal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms: an examination of C677T and A1298C mutations","volume":"67","author":"Isotalo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg375","article-title":"Gene-gene interaction between fetal MTHFR 677C>T and transcobalamin 776C>G polymorphisms in human spontaneous abortion","volume":"18","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1086\/324066","article-title":"Examinations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C mutations\u2014and in utero viability","volume":"69","author":"Volcik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.19.1.33","article-title":"Correlation of peripheral white cell and bone marrow changes with folate levels in pregnancy and their clinical significance","volume":"19","author":"Varadi","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.857","article-title":"Is homocysteine a biomarker for identifying women at risk of complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes?","volume":"71","author":"Picciano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib201","first-page":"753","article-title":"Postnatal screening for thrombophilia in women with severe pregnancy complications","volume":"97","author":"Alfirevic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2003.07.008","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with thrombophilia and vascular disease in women with unexplained late intrauterine fetal death: a multicenter study","volume":"11","author":"Hefler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994632","article-title":"First trimester bleeding and pregnancy outcome in gravidas with normal and low folate levels","volume":"10","author":"Neiger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.12.005","article-title":"Serum homocysteine levels after preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"191","author":"Knudtson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib205","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Preterm premature rupture of membranes: nutritional and socioeconomic factors","volume":"100","author":"Ferguson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1233","article-title":"On the importance\u2014and the unimportance\u2014of birthweight","volume":"30","author":"Wilcox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1968.tb28541.x","article-title":"Iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 levels in normal pregnancy, and their influence on birth-weight and the duration of pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Whiteside","year":"1968","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(77)90090-4","article-title":"Vitamin levels in low-birth-weight newborn infants and their mothers","volume":"129","author":"Baker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.2.365","article-title":"Maternal serum folate and zinc concentrations and their relationships to pregnancy outcome","volume":"56","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib210","first-page":"267","article-title":"Relationship between maternal folate status and foetal hypotrophy in a population with a good socio-economical level","volume":"65","author":"Frelut","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.2000.11748144","article-title":"Folate and intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"20","author":"Rondo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70303-2","article-title":"Low birth weight, preterm delivery, and periconceptional vitamin use","volume":"130","author":"Shaw","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F431","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.036970","article-title":"Maternal nutritional risk factors for small for gestational age babies in a developed country: a case-control study","volume":"89","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonat"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201023260118","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal death, and maternal homocysteine levels","volume":"326","author":"Burke","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.032904","article-title":"Maternal homocysteine before conception and throughout pregnancy predicts fetal homocysteine and birth weight","volume":"50","author":"Murphy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1385","article-title":"Preconception homocysteine and B vitamin status and birth outcomes in Chinese women","volume":"76","author":"Ronnenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(02)00433-5","article-title":"Mid-pregnancy serum homocysteine and B-vitamin concentrations and fetal growth","volume":"22","author":"Pag\u00e1n","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1373\/49.9.1476","article-title":"Unexpected relationship between plasma homocysteine and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"49","author":"Infante-Rivard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200207043470105","article-title":"Absence of association of thrombophilia polymorphisms with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"347","author":"Infante-Rivard","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.218","article-title":"Inherited thrombophilias are not increased in \u201cidiopathic\u201d small-for-gestational-age pregnancies","volume":"188","author":"McCowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib221","first-page":"444","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction and genetic predisposition to thrombophilia","volume":"89","author":"Franchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614579","article-title":"Placental genotyping of the factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T alleles in IUGR pregnancies","volume":"81","author":"Wisotzkey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5687.16","article-title":"Reduction of incidence of prematurity by folic acid supplementation in pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Baumslag","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1971.tb50394.x","article-title":"The effect of prescribing folic acid during pregnancy on birth-weight and duration of pregnancy. A double-blind trial","volume":"2","author":"Giles","year":"1971","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(71)90918-5","article-title":"Folic acid requirements of Indian pregnant women","volume":"111","author":"Iyengar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1971.tb00338.x","article-title":"The value of folic acid supplements in pregnancy","volume":"78","author":"Fletcher","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1974.tb70897.x","article-title":"Effects of iron and folic acid antenatal supplements on maternal haematology and fetal wellbeing","volume":"2","author":"Fleming","year":"1974","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(75)90179-9","article-title":"Effect of folic acid supplement of birth weights of infants","volume":"122","author":"Iyengar","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347909154593","article-title":"Folic acid supplement and intrauterine growth","volume":"58","author":"Rolschau","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000299659","article-title":"Influence of routine administration of folic acid and iron during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Blot","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000457359","article-title":"Maternal folate status, birthweight and gestational age","volume":"4","author":"Tchernia","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dev Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib232","first-page":"277","article-title":"Impact of anaemia prophylaxis in pregnancy on maternal haemoglobin, serum ferritin & birth weight","volume":"94","author":"Agarwal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ind J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00084-6","article-title":"The influence of folic acid supplement on the outcome of pregnancies in the county of Funen in Denmark. Part I","volume":"87","author":"Rolschau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490411900210","article-title":"Occurrence of low birthweight and preterm delivery among California infants before and after compulsory food fortification with folic acid","volume":"119","author":"Shaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00012.x","article-title":"Socio-economic disparities in preterm birth: causal pathways and mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Kramer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2004.04.011","article-title":"Thrombophilic polymorphisms in preterm delivery","volume":"33","author":"Valdez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-004-0223-9","article-title":"Thrombophilic polymorphisms\u2014factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutations\u2014and preterm birth","volume":"116","author":"Resch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.664","article-title":"Common dihydrofolate reductase 19-base pair deletion allele: a novel risk factor for preterm delivery","volume":"81","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib239","series-title":"The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease.","first-page":"3897","article-title":"Inherited disorders of folate and cobalamin transport and metabolism","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/45.1.153","article-title":"Effect of diet in maze learning in second-generation rats. Folic acid deficiency","volume":"45","author":"Whitley","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)00156-D","article-title":"Behavioral and neurochemical changes in folate-deficient mice","volume":"58","author":"Gospe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.162","article-title":"Folic acid deficiency during late gestation decreases progenitor cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in fetal mouse brain","volume":"134","author":"Craciunescu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20111","article-title":"Behavioral effects of prenatal folate deficiency in mice","volume":"73","author":"Ferguson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib244","first-page":"241","article-title":"Adverse effects on infant development associated with maternal folic acid deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Gross","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nutr Rep Int"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2189","article-title":"Folate status of mothers during pregnancy and mental and psychomotor development of their children at five years of age","volume":"116","author":"Tamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(85)91641-9","article-title":"Cystathionine beta synthase: gene dosage effect in trisomy 21","volume":"128","author":"Chadefaux","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Comm"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90211-5","article-title":"Is absence of atheroma in Down syndrome due to decreased homocysteine levels?","volume":"2","author":"Chadefaux","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.4.495","article-title":"Abnormal folate metabolism and mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene may be maternal risk factors for Down syndrome","volume":"70","author":"James","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1086\/303055","article-title":"Polymorphisms in genes involved in folate metabolism as maternal risk factors for Down syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Hobbs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10704","article-title":"Preferential transmission of the MTHFR 677 T allele to infants with Down syndrome: implications for a survival advantage","volume":"113","author":"Hobbs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200206000-00018","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism in the etiology of Down syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Chadefaux-Vekemans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200819","article-title":"C677T mutation in the 5,10-MTHFR gene and risk of Down syndrome in Italy","volume":"10","author":"Stuppia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20432","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme polymorphisms as maternal risk for Down syndrome among Turkish women","volume":"127A","author":"Boduro\u011flu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0472-4","article-title":"Abnormal folic acid-homocysteine metabolism as maternal risk factors for Down syndrome in Japan","volume":"43","author":"Takamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10121","article-title":"MTRR and MTHFR polymorphism: link to Down syndrome?","volume":"107","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1551","article-title":"Homocysteine concentrations in adults with trisomy 21: effect of B vitamins and genetic polymorphisms","volume":"80","author":"Fillon-Emery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200205000-00006","article-title":"Prevalence of aneuploidies in South Carolina in the 1990s","volume":"4","author":"Collins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20161","article-title":"Prevalence of trisomy 21 following folic acid food fortification","volume":"120A","author":"Ray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20436","article-title":"Autosomal trisomy and maternal use of multivitamin supplements","volume":"125A","author":"Botto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92654-5","article-title":"Further experience of vitamin supplementation for prevention of neural tube defect recurrences","volume":"1","author":"Smithells","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6275.1509","article-title":"Double-blind randomised controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural-tube defects","volume":"282","author":"Laurence","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.21.5.325","article-title":"Periconceptional vitamin supplementation and the prevention of neural tube defects in south-east England and Northern Ireland","volume":"21","author":"Seller","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.60.7.660","article-title":"Maternal serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in pregnancies associated with neural tube defects","volume":"60","author":"Molley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childh"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib264","first-page":"703","article-title":"Maternal plasma folate and vitamin B12 are independent risk factors for neural tube defects","volume":"86","author":"Kirke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81951-1","article-title":"Maternal vitamin levels during pregnancies producing infants with neural tube defects","volume":"120","author":"Mills","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.2.197","article-title":"Periconceptional vitamin profiles are not suitable for identifying women at risk for neural tube defects","volume":"123","author":"Mooij","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908173210704","article-title":"The absence of a relation between the periconceptional use of vitamins and neural-tube defects","volume":"321","author":"Mills","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410210053035","article-title":"Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects","volume":"260","author":"Mulinare","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430200091032","article-title":"Multivitamin\/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects","volume":"262","author":"Milunsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500100055027","article-title":"Periconceptional folic acid exposure and risk of occurrent neural tube defects","volume":"269","author":"Werler","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199505000-00005","article-title":"Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects","volume":"6","author":"Shaw","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000040253.12446.B2","article-title":"Folate intake and the risk of neural tube defects: an estimation of dose-response","volume":"14","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0694-195","article-title":"Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: isolation of cDNA, mapping and mutation identification","volume":"7","author":"Goyette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.12.1851","article-title":"Cloning, mapping and RNA analysis of the human methionine synthase gene","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.12.1442","article-title":"A randomised trial of low dose folic acid to prevent neural tube defects","volume":"67","author":"Kirke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childh"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(00)00093-9","article-title":"Folic acid and human malformations: a summary and evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Kalter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13190.x","article-title":"Minimal compliance with the Department of Health recommendation for routine folate prophylaxis to prevent fetal neural tube defects","volume":"101","author":"Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib278","first-page":"716","article-title":"Knowledge and use of folic acid by women of childbearing age\u2014United States, 1995","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143471.x","article-title":"\u201cFolate before pregnancy\u201d: the impact on women and health professionals of a population-based health promotion campaign in South Australia","volume":"174","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib280","first-page":"847","article-title":"Use of vitamins containing folic acid among women of childbearing age\u2014United States, 2004","volume":"53","year":"2004","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.085","article-title":"Trends and predictors of folic acid awareness and periconceptional use in pregnant women","volume":"192","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00115.x","article-title":"Evidence for suboptimal use of periconceptional folic acid supplements globally","volume":"111","author":"Ray","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.10094","article-title":"Decline of neural tube defects cases after a folic acid campaign in Nuevo Le\u00f3n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"66","author":"Mart\u00ednez de Villarreal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00567.x","article-title":"Trends in neural tube defects in Western Australia in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations","volume":"18","author":"Bower","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03248-1","article-title":"Has advice on periconceptional folate supplementation reduced neural-tube defects?","volume":"354","author":"Abramsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38336.664352.82","article-title":"International retrospective cohort study of neural tube defects in relation to folic acid recommendations: are the recommendations working?","volume":"330","author":"Botto","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7491.574","article-title":"Preventing neural tube defects in Europe: population based study","volume":"330","author":"Busby","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.10.630","article-title":"Time trends in neural tube defects prevalence in relation to preventive strategies: an international study","volume":"53","author":"Rosano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Comm Health"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930083","article-title":"Absorption of pteroylpolyglutamates in mothers of infants with neural tube defects","volume":"69","author":"Bower","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.154","article-title":"Folate absorption in women with a history of neural tube defect-affected pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"Boddie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-203-43571","article-title":"Uptake and utilization of dl-5-[methyl-14C] tetrahydropteroylmonoglutamate by cultured cytotrophoblasts associated with neural tube defects","volume":"203","author":"Habibzadeh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199101173240315","article-title":"Neural-tube defects and derangement of homocysteine metabolism","volume":"324","author":"Steegers-Theunissen","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90165-5","article-title":"Homocysteine metabolism in pregnancies complicated by neural-tube defects","volume":"345","author":"Mills","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/90.9.593","article-title":"Elevated plasma total homocysteine and C677T mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with spina bifida","volume":"90","author":"Bj\u00f8rke-Monsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.10059","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): incidence of mutations C677T and A1298C in Brazilian population and its correlation with plasma homocysteine levels in spina bifida","volume":"119","author":"Perez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib296","first-page":"763","article-title":"A genetic defect in 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in neural tube defects","volume":"88","author":"Whitehead","year":"1995","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960628)63:4<610::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"5,10 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphism as a risk factor for neural tube defects","volume":"63","author":"Ou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02594.x","article-title":"Exploring gene-gene interactions in the etiology of neural tube defects","volume":"53","author":"Botto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009555","article-title":"Maternal vitamin use, genetic variation of infant methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and risk for spina bifida","volume":"148","author":"Shaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1086\/301825","article-title":"A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural-tube defects?","volume":"62","author":"van der Put","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1086\/302310","article-title":"The \u201cthermolabile\u201d variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and neural tube defects: an evaluation of genetic risk and the relative importance of the genotypes of the embryo and the mother","volume":"64","author":"Shields","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990521)84:2<151::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase, folate levels in red blood cells, and risk of neural tube defects","volume":"84","author":"Christensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199905)59:5<331::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Analysis of select folate pathway genes, PAX3, and human T in a Midwestern neural tube defect population","volume":"59","author":"Trembath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001106)95:1<21::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and spina bifida: evaluation of level of defect and maternal genotypic risk in Hispanics","volume":"95","author":"Volcik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.12.949","article-title":"Comorbidity of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrafolate reductase and methione synthase gene polymorphisms and risk for neural tube defects","volume":"37","author":"Johanning","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380170096","article-title":"Interaction of folate and homocysteine pathway genotypes evaluated in susceptibility to neural tube defects (NTD) in a German population","volume":"46","author":"Richter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200205000-00005","article-title":"Spina bifida and folate-related genes: a study of gene-gene interactions","volume":"4","author":"de Franchis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10008","article-title":"Evaluation of infant methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, maternal vitamin use, and risk of high versus low level spina bifida defects","volume":"67","author":"Volcik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-003-0008-4","article-title":"Analysis of the MTHFR 1298A\u2192C and 677C\u2192T polymorphisms as risk factors for neural tube defects","volume":"48","author":"Parle-McDermott","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2003.00161.x","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to neural tube defect pregnancy varies with offspring phenotype","volume":"64","author":"Relton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib311","first-page":"111","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and the methionine synthase reductase genes as independent risk factors for spina bifida","volume":"44","author":"Pietrzyk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00468-3","article-title":"Transcobalamin and methionine synthase reductase mutated polymorphisms aggravate the risk of neural tube defects in humans","volume":"344","author":"Gu\u00e9ant-Rodriguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci Let"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38036.646030.EE","article-title":"Impact of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism on risk of neural tube defects: case-control study","volume":"328","author":"Kirke","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.2000.2991","article-title":"Investigation of folate pathway gene polymorphisms and the incidence of neural tube defects in a Texas Hispanic population","volume":"70","author":"Barber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380200043","article-title":"Study of MTHFR and MS polymorphisms as risk factors for NTD in the Italian population","volume":"47","author":"De Marco","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib316","first-page":"86","article-title":"Infant methionine synthase variants and risk for spina bifida","volume":"36","author":"Shaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7192(03)00008-8","article-title":"Homocysteine remethylation enzyme polymorphisms and increased risks for neural tube defects","volume":"78","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<310::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Lack of association between mutations in the folate receptor-\u03b1 gene and spina bifida","volume":"76","author":"Barber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200305","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of human folate receptors in neural tube defects","volume":"7","author":"Heil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7192(03)00075-1","article-title":"Analysis of the human folate receptor \u03b2 gene for an association with neural tube defects","volume":"79","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10195","article-title":"Maternal periconceptional vitamin use, genetic variation of infant reduced folate carrier (A80G), and risk of spina bifida","volume":"108","author":"Shaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200946","article-title":"Reduced folate carrier polymorphism (80A\u2192G) and neural tube defects","volume":"11","author":"De Marco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7192(03)00086-6","article-title":"Evaluation of genetic variants in the reduced folate carrier and in glutamate carboxypeptidase II for spina bifida risk","volume":"79","author":"Morin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02658.x","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of the gene encoding the trifunctional enzyme MTHFD (methylenetetrahydrofolate-dehydrogenase, methenyltetrahydrofolate-cyclohydrolase, formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) in patients with neural tube defects","volume":"53","author":"Hol","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1086\/344213","volume":"71","author":"Brody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20505","article-title":"New 19 bp deletion polymorphism in intron-1 of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR): a risk factor for spina bifida acting in mothers during pregnancy?","volume":"124A","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031145","article-title":"Autoantibodies against folate receptors in women with a pregnancy complicated by a neural-tube defect","volume":"350","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79761-0","article-title":"Genetic selection and folate intake during pregnancy","volume":"352","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Moran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.39.5.366","article-title":"Changes in frequencies of heterozygous thermolabile 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in fetuses with neural tube defects","volume":"39","author":"Johanning","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10072","article-title":"Antisense modulation of the coding or regulatory sequence of the folate receptor (folate binding protein-1) in mouse embryos leads to neural tube defects","volume":"67","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320470528","article-title":"Evidence for multi-site closure of the neural tube in humans","volume":"47","author":"Van Allen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320580305","article-title":"Multi-site neural tube closure in humans and maternal folate supplementation","volume":"58","author":"Seller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib333","series-title":"Cleft lip and palate: from origin to treatment.","first-page":"170","article-title":"Maternal nutrition and oral clefts","author":"Munger","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91063-7","article-title":"Periconceptional supplementation with vitamins and folic acid to prevent recurrence of cleft lip","volume":"ii","author":"Tolarova","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib335","first-page":"e66","article-title":"Dose-dependent effect of folic acid on the prevention of orofacial clefts","volume":"104","author":"Czeizel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics [serial online]"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1123","article-title":"Will mandatory folic acid fortification prevent or promote cancer?","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92778-6","article-title":"Risks of orofacial clefts in children born to women using multivitamins containing folic acid periconceptionally","volume":"345","author":"Shaw","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_2001_038_0076_ocavs_2.0.co_2","article-title":"Oral clefts and vitamin supplementation","volume":"38","author":"Loffredo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cleft Palate-Craniofac J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9926(200102)63:2<79::AID-TERA1013>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Maternal multivitamin use and orofacial clefts in offspring","volume":"63","author":"Itikala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008710","article-title":"Case-control study of periconceptional folic acid supplementation and oral clefts","volume":"143","author":"Hayes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20037","article-title":"Maternal vitamin B-6 and folate status and risk of oral cleft birth defects in the Philippines","volume":"70","author":"Munger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199911)60:5<253::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts: association with maternal hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"60","author":"Wong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00592-1","article-title":"Vitamin and homocysteine status of mothers and infants and the risk of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts","volume":"189","author":"van Rooij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00495-5","article-title":"Association between folic acid food fortification and congenital orofacial clefts","volume":"143","author":"Ray","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990903)86:1<71::AID-AJMG14>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolabile variant and oral clefts","volume":"86","author":"Mills","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg005","article-title":"Does the interaction between maternal folate intake and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms affect the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate?","volume":"157","author":"van Rooij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg097","article-title":"Exploring the effects of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants C677T and A1298C on the risk of orofacial clefts in 261 Norwegian case-parent triads","volume":"157","author":"Jugessur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19981116)80:3<196::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Infant C677T mutation in MTHFR, maternal periconceptional vitamin use, and cleft lip","volume":"80","author":"Shaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg189","article-title":"Genetic variation of infant reduced folate carrier (A80G) and risk of orofacial and conotruncal heart defects","volume":"158","author":"Shaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000112214.33432.cc","article-title":"Maternal smoking and the risk of orofacial clefts. Susceptibility with NAT1 and NAT2 polymorphisms","volume":"15","author":"Lammer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.10040","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of folate deficiency on embryonic development through the establishment of a folate deficient mouse model","volume":"65","author":"Burgoon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Teratology."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960315)62:2<179::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Reduction of urinary tract and cardiovascular defects by periconceptional multivitamin supplementation","volume":"62","author":"Czeizel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320590428","article-title":"Maternal periconceptional use of multivitamins and reduced risk for conotruncal heart defects and limb deficiencies among offspring","volume":"59","author":"Shaw","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.5.911","article-title":"Periconceptional multivitamin use and the occurrence of conotruncal heart defects: results from a population-based, case-control study","volume":"98","author":"Botto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.113845","article-title":"Association of the C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation and elevated homocysteine levels with congenital cardiac malformations","volume":"184","author":"Wenstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20049","article-title":"A family-based association study of congenital left-sided heart malformations and 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase","volume":"70","author":"McBride","year":"2004","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.147","article-title":"Congenital heart defects and abnormal maternal biomarkers of methionine and homocysteine metabolism","volume":"81","author":"Hobbs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.5.660","article-title":"Evaluating food fortification options: general principles revisited with folic acid","volume":"85","author":"Crane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07247-4","article-title":"Minimum effective dose of folic acid for food fortification to prevent neural-tube defects","volume":"350","author":"Daly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00116-3","article-title":"Total folate in enriched cereal-grain products in the United States following fortification","volume":"70","author":"Rader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0494736","article-title":"Folate content in commercial white and whole-wheat sandwich breads","volume":"52","author":"Johnston","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Agr Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2792","article-title":"Folic acid intake from fortification in United States exceeds predictions","volume":"132","author":"Choumenkovitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905133401901","article-title":"The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations","volume":"340","author":"Jacques","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.4.677","article-title":"Decline in prevalence of neural tube defects in a high-risk region of the United States","volume":"106","author":"Stevenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.23.2981","article-title":"Impact of folic acid fortification of the US food supply on the occurrence of neural tube defects","volume":"285","author":"Honein","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib366","first-page":"241","article-title":"Incidence of open neural tube defects in Nova Scotia after folic acid fortification","volume":"167","author":"Persad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000114984.82549.99","article-title":"Impact of folic acid fortification in the United States: markedly diminished high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein values","volume":"103","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70285-6","article-title":"Nutrient composition of human milk","volume":"48","author":"Picciano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00054-5","article-title":"Measurable human milk folate is increased by treatment with \u03b1-amylase and protease in addition to folate conjugase","volume":"63","author":"Lim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.2.285","article-title":"Maternal folate status during extended lactation and the effect of supplemental folic acid","volume":"69","author":"Mackey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.782","article-title":"Milk folate but not milk iron concentrations may be inadequate for some infants in a rural farming community in San Mateo, Capulhuac, Mexico","volume":"78","author":"Villalpando","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(89)90722-7","article-title":"Determination of tissue folate composition by affinity chromatography followed by high-pressure ion pair liquid chromatography","volume":"182","author":"Selhub","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.4.930","article-title":"Pteroylpolyglutamates in human milk","volume":"53","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198605020-00020","article-title":"Forms of human milk folacin and variation patterns","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197905000-00006","article-title":"Aspects of folate metabolism in lactating women studied after ingestion of 14C-methylfolate","volume":"277","author":"Retief","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(84)80003-2","article-title":"Milk folate binding protein (FBP): a secretory protein for folate?","volume":"4","author":"Selhub","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)33987-5","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and comparison of the solubilized particulate and soluble folate binding proteins from human milk","volume":"257","author":"Antony","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025572207004","article-title":"Ligand binding and polymerization characteristics of human folate binding protein depend on concentration of purified protein and presence of amphiphatic substances","volume":"23","author":"Holm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.3.590","article-title":"Folate intake and blood concentrations of term infants","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1565","article-title":"Effect of cow milk on food folate bioavailability in young women","volume":"80","author":"Picciano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198311000-00009","article-title":"Folate supplementation during lactation: maternal folate status, human milk folate content, and their relationship to infant folate status","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/42.3.522","article-title":"Vitamin B6, vitamin C, and folacin levels in milk from mothers of term and preterm infants during the neonatal period","volume":"42","author":"Udipi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.4.770","article-title":"Diurnal variations in folacin levels of human milk: use of a single sample to represent folacin concentration in milk during a 24-h period","volume":"45","author":"Udipi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.10.2210","article-title":"Evaluation of lactational performance of Navajo women","volume":"34","author":"Butte","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.6.929","article-title":"Plasma, red cell, and breast milk folacin concentrations in lactating women","volume":"38","author":"Ek","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.58.5.367","article-title":"Comparison of the B vitamin composition of milk from mothers of pretern and term babies","volume":"58","author":"Ford","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childh"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10221.x","article-title":"Serum thiamin, pyridoxal, cobalamin and folate concentrations in young infants","volume":"75","author":"Davis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.4.495","article-title":"Changes in specific nutrients in breast milk during extended lactation","volume":"43","author":"Karra","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.2.377","article-title":"Postpartum folic acid supplementation of adolescents: impact on maternal folate and zinc status and milk composition","volume":"62","author":"Keizer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.2.193","article-title":"Human milk folate and folate status in lactating mothers and infants","volume":"33","author":"Tamura","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198605020-00021","article-title":"Folate nutrition is optimal in exclusively breast-fed infants but inadequate in some of their mothers and in formula-fed infants","volume":"5","author":"Salmenper\u00e4","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.4.289","article-title":"Folic acid binding by serum and milk","volume":"21","author":"Metz","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19860085","article-title":"The nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating mothers of good socio-economic status in Cambridge, UK: some implications for recommended daily allowances of minor nutrients","volume":"56","author":"Black","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19890037","article-title":"The diets of pregnant and post-pregnant women in different social groups in London and Edinburgh: calcium, iron, retinol, ascorbic acid and folic acid","volume":"62","author":"Schofield","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.10.2216","article-title":"Nutritional assessment of pregnant and lactating Navajo women","volume":"34","author":"Butte","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5627.356","article-title":"Folate status throughout pregnancy and in postpartum period","volume":"4","author":"Willoughby","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00551-8","article-title":"Male factor subfertility: possible causes and the impact of nutritional factors","volume":"73","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01981432","article-title":"Folic acid levels in blood and seminal plasma of normo- and oligospermic patients prior and following folic acid treatment","volume":"34","author":"Landau","year":"1978","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56225-6","article-title":"Folinic acid in the treatment of human male infertility","volume":"60","author":"Bentivoglio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)03229-0","article-title":"Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)02157-5","article-title":"C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interferes with the effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on sperm concentration","volume":"80","author":"Ebisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0430249","article-title":"Components of human split ejaculates. I. Spermatozoa, fructose, immunoglobulins, albumin, lactoferrin, transferrin and other plasma proteins","volume":"43","author":"Tauber","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01697-6","article-title":"Low seminal plasma folate concentrations are associated with low sperm density and count in male smokers and nonsmokers","volume":"75","author":"Wallock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(80)90180-1","article-title":"Folate assay: a comparison of radioassay and microbiological methods","volume":"100","author":"Shane","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01127499","article-title":"A high-affinity folate binding protein in human semen","volume":"11","author":"Holm","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01145962","article-title":"High-affinity folate binding in human prostate","volume":"13","author":"Holm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993_bib407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104123441517","article-title":"Homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutation and male infertility","volume":"344","author":"Bezold","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000291652329406X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000291652329406X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/83\/5\/993\/23889683\/znu00506000993.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T21:59:53Z","timestamp":1751407193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000291652329406X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":407,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S000291652329406X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Folate and human reproduction","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.993","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}