{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:51:58Z","timestamp":1791557518329,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":578,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T22:58:23Z","timestamp":1612911503000},"page":"231-237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D requirements to prevent nutritional rickets in Nigerian children on a low-calcium diet\u2014a multivariable reanalysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1324-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher T","family":"Sempos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n A","family":"Durazo-Arvizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig F","family":"Munns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Pettifor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom D","family":"Thacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.101","article-title":"Rickets","volume":"3","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1159-y","article-title":"Cardiac, bone and growth plate manifestations in hypocalcemic infants: revealing the hidden body of the vitamin D deficiency iceberg","volume":"18","author":"Uday","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.018","article-title":"Population-based incidence of potentially life-threatening complications of hypocalcemia and the role of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"211","author":"Aul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13968","article-title":"Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"1430","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.11.018","article-title":"Nutritional rickets around the world","volume":"136","author":"Prentice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-016-0018-3","article-title":"Nutritional rickets in immigrant and refugee children","volume":"37","author":"Thacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.061377","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2013deficiency rickets among children in Canada","volume":"177","author":"Ward","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2016.1248170","article-title":"Nutritional rickets around the world: an update","volume":"37","author":"Creo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410803","article-title":"A comparison of calcium, vitamin D, or both for nutritional rickets in Nigerian children","volume":"341","author":"Thacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1725S","article-title":"Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both?","volume":"80","author":"Pettifor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175","article-title":"Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets","volume":"101","author":"Munns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000365124","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in children in developing countries","volume":"64","author":"Pettifor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019005251","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D assay standardisation and vitamin D guidelines paralysis","volume":"23","author":"Sempos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13652","article-title":"Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D: results from the 1st International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D","volume":"84","author":"Sempos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.107527","article-title":"Case-control study of factors associated with nutritional rickets in Nigerian children","volume":"137","author":"Thacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/46.3.132","article-title":"Radiographic scoring method for the assessment of the severity of nutritional rickets","volume":"46","author":"Thacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.5.736","article-title":"Development of normalized curves for the international growth reference: historical and technical considerations","volume":"46","author":"Dibley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0196","article-title":"The Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) manual for retrospective laboratory standardization of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data","volume":"100","author":"Durazo-Arvizu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J AOAC Int."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib19","series-title":"Statistical methods in epidemiology.","author":"Kahn","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i969","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i969","article-title":"Analysis of matched case-control studies","volume":"352","author":"Pearce","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib21","series-title":"Applied logistic regression. 3rd ed.","author":"Hosmer","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib22","series-title":"Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.31","article-title":"Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D","volume":"13","author":"Bouillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70045-8","article-title":"Rickets: the chicken or the egg!","volume":"129","author":"Barness","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70226-9","article-title":"Etiology of nutritional rickets: geographic variations","volume":"130","author":"Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410810","article-title":"Rickets today\u2014children still need milk and sunshine","volume":"341","author":"Bishop","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib27","first-page":"723","article-title":"Privational rickets: a modern perspective","volume":"87","author":"Pettifor","year":"1994","journal-title":"J R Soc Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115357","article-title":"Aetiology of nutritional rickets in rural Bangladeshi children","volume":"136","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.116681","article-title":"Three-phase model harmonizes estimates of the maximal suppression of parathyroid hormone by 25-hydroxyvitamin D in persons 65 years of age and older","volume":"140","author":"Durazo-Arvizu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00338.x","article-title":"Relationship of calcium absorption with 25(OH)D and calcium intake in children with rickets","volume":"68","author":"Thacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.99","article-title":"Comparison of metabolism of vitamins D(2) and D(3) in children with nutritional rickets","volume":"25","author":"Thacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0259","article-title":"General steps to standardize the laboratory measurement of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"100","author":"Sempos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J AOAC Int."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522003239?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522003239?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/114\/1\/231\/38874070\/nqab048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/114\/1\/231\/38874070\/nqab048.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T12:37:52Z","timestamp":1685450272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916522003239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916522003239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D requirements to prevent nutritional rickets in Nigerian children on a low-calcium diet\u2014a multivariable reanalysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}