{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:24:18Z","timestamp":1789597458767,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1615,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T19:08:51Z","timestamp":1524856131000},"page":"525-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Vitamin B-12 content in breast milk of vegan, vegetarian, and nonvegetarian lactating women in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setareh","family":"Shahab-Ferdows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Hampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay H","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryanne Tigchelaar","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e827","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk","volume":"129","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.12.014","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: promoting and supporting breastfeeding","volume":"115","author":"Lessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib3","unstructured":"Kramer MS, KakumaR; WHO. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. [cited 2017 Oct 26]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/optimal_duration_of_exc_bfeeding_review_eng.pdf."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199008000-00013","article-title":"Variation in macronutrients in human bank milk: influencing factors and implications for human milk banking","volume":"11","author":"Michaelsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.10.008","article-title":"Macronutrient analysis of a nationwide sample of donor breast milk","volume":"109","author":"Wojcik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrin MT, Fogleman AD, Newburg DS, Allen JC. A longitudinal study of human milk composition in the second year postpartum: implications for human milk banking. Matern Child Nutr 2017;13. doi: 10.1111\/mcn.12239","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12239"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120881","article-title":"Impact of maternal nutrition on breast-milk composition: a systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Bravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.001172","article-title":"B vitamins in breast milk: relative importance of maternal status and intake, and effects on infant status and function","volume":"3","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071233","article-title":"Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings","volume":"100","author":"Orlich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/ds16-0057","article-title":"Vegetarian diets in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications","volume":"30","author":"Pawlak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectrum"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vegetarian children and adolescents\u2019 anthropometric characteristics do not significantly differ from their non-vegetarian counterparts","volume":"4","author":"Pawlak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr Food Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28701F","article-title":"Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention","volume":"91","author":"Sabat\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib13","unstructured":"Stahler C. How often do Americans eat vegetarian meals? And how many adults in the U.S. are vegetarian?[cited 2017 Oct 10].Available from: http:\/\/www.vrg.org\/journal\/vj2011issue4\/vj2011issue4poll.php."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib14","unstructured":"The Vegetarian Resource Group. How many teens are vegetarian? How many kids don't eat meat?Vegetarian Journal. 2001. [cited 2017 Oct 11]. Available from: www.vrg.org\/journal\/vj2001jan\/2001janteen.htm."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib15","first-page":"92","article-title":"German Nutrition Society","volume":"63","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vegan diet. Ernahrungs Umschau"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.009","article-title":"Is vitamin B12 deficiency a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in vegetarians?","volume":"48","author":"Pawlak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.12.3319","article-title":"Long-term ovo-lacto vegetarian diet impairs vitamin B-12 status in pregnant women","volume":"134","author":"Koebnick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib18","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. [cited 2017 Sep 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK114310\/pdf\/Bookshelf_NBK114310.pdf."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00031.x","article-title":"Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants: current knowledge and possible mechanisms","volume":"66","author":"Dror","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.111","article-title":"To vegan or not to vegan when pregnant, lactating or feeding young children","volume":"71","author":"Pawlak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.228189","article-title":"Vitamin B-12 concentrations in breast milk are low and are not associated with reported household hunger, recent animal-source food, or vitamin B-12 intake in women in rural Kenya","volume":"146","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.6.1073","article-title":"Vitamin B-12: low milk concentrations are related to low serum concentrations in vegetarian women and to methylmalonic aciduria in their infants","volume":"52","author":"Specker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(98)00153-5","article-title":"Vitamin B12 status in East Indian lactating women living in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.143917","article-title":"Breast milk vitamin B-12 concentrations in Guatemalan women are correlated with maternal but not infant vitamin B-12 status at 12 months postpartum","volume":"142","author":"Deegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.105106","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy provided to HIV-infected Malawian women in a randomized trial diminishes the positive effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements on breast-milk B vitamins","volume":"102","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.210195","article-title":"Regional, socioeconomic, and dietary risk factors for vitamin B-12 deficiency differ from those for folate deficiency in Cameroonian women and children","volume":"145","author":"Shabad-Ferdows","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib27","first-page":"004","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome and breastfeeding pattern among vegans, vegetarians and non-vegetarians","volume":"1","author":"Pawlak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diet Res Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib28","unstructured":"R Core TeamR: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria):R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed on January, 2018."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.12.033","article-title":"Competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for vitamin B12 analysis in human milk","volume":"153","author":"Hampel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chebaya P, Karakochuk CD, March KM, Chen NN, Stamm RA, Kroeun H, Sophonneary P, Borath M, Shahab-Ferdows S, HampelDet al.Correlations between maternal, breast milk, and infant vitamin B12 concentration among mother-infant dyadsin Vancouver, Canada and Prey Veng, Cambodia: an exploratory analysis. Nutrients 2017;9. DOI: 10.3390\/nu9030270.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030270"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0845-x","article-title":"Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum improves B12 status of both mothers and infants but vaccine response in mothers only: a randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh","volume":"55","author":"Siddiqua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.058479","article-title":"Cobalamin and haptocorrin in human milk and cobalamin-related variables in mother and child: a 9-mo longitudinal study","volume":"98","author":"Greibe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.751","article-title":"Assessment of vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin B-6 status and relation to sulfur amino acid metabolism in neonates","volume":"72","author":"Minet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy264","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000}},{"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy260","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000}}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522029471?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522029471?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/108\/3\/525\/28886590\/nqy104.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T02:23:46Z","timestamp":1685759026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916522029471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916522029471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin B-12 content in breast milk of vegan, vegetarian, and nonvegetarian lactating women in the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy104","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2018 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}