{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:56:29Z","timestamp":1790632589165,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1432,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T19:26:54Z","timestamp":1536089214000},"page":"852S-871S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Complementary feeding and micronutrient status: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Julie E","family":"Obbagy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7944-5787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laural K","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tricia L","family":"Psota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yat Ping","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy F","family":"Butte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4185-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn G","family":"Dewey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9378-2619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Kay","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank R","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy F","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley S","family":"Scanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2510-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eve E","family":"Stoody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071670","article-title":"USDA Nutrition Evidence Library: methodology used to identify topics and develop systematic review questions for the birth-to-24-mo population","volume":"99","author":"Obbagy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.072140","article-title":"Executive summary: evaluating the evidence base to support the inclusion of infants and children from birth to 24 mo of age in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans\u2014\u201cthe B-24 Project.\"","volume":"99","author":"Raiten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy372","article-title":"The Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project: a series of systematic reviews on diet and health","volume":"109","author":"Stoody","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib4","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services and USDA. 2015\u20132020 Dietary guidelines for Americans. 8th ed.Washington (DC); 2015. Available from: http:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines. Accessed May 29, 2018."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib5","series-title":"Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child","author":"Dewey","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib6","series-title":"Guiding principles for feeding non-breastfed children 6\u201324 months of age","author":"Dewey","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy226","article-title":"Systematic review methodology used in the Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project","volume":"109","author":"Obbagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib8","series-title":"Infant nutrition and feeding: a guide for use in the WIC and CSF Programs","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib9","series-title":"Bright Futures: guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents [pocket guide]","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib10","series-title":"Sustaining human progress: reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience","article-title":"Human development report 2014","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-008-0191-6","article-title":"Supplemental food may not prevent iron-deficiency anemia in infants","volume":"75","author":"Ghorashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3838","article-title":"Timing of the introduction of complementary foods in infancy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"130","author":"Jonsdottir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00114-6","article-title":"Effect of timing of introduction of complementary foods on iron and zinc status of formula fed infants at 12, 24, and 36 months of age","volume":"101","author":"Kattelmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11455.x","article-title":"Effects of formula protein level and ratio on infant growth, plasma amino acids and serum trace elements. II. Follow-up formula","volume":"79","author":"Lonnerdal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198809000-00015","article-title":"Iron status in the first year of life","volume":"7","author":"Morton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480500081183","article-title":"Nutritional risk factors for iron-deficiency anaemia in children 12\u201324 months old in the area of Thessalia in Greece","volume":"56","author":"Tympa-Psirropoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601594","article-title":"Iron status at 12 months of age\u2014effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight","volume":"57","author":"Thorsdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.1.105","article-title":"Folate and cobalamin status in relation to breastfeeding and weaning in healthy infants","volume":"88","author":"Hay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718613","article-title":"Effect of rice cereal feedings on bone mineralization and calcium homeostasis in cow milk formula fed infants","volume":"15","author":"Bainbridge","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.1.119","article-title":"Iron fortification of infant formulas","volume":"104","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.198","article-title":"Iron absorption in breast-fed infants: effects of age, iron status, iron supplements, and complementary foods","volume":"76","author":"Domellof","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00271.x","article-title":"Indices of iron deficiency and anaemia in Bedouin and Jewish toddlers in southern Israel","volume":"96","author":"Urkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.5.1187S","article-title":"Macrobiotic nutrition and child health: results of a population-based, mixed-longitudinal cohort study in The Netherlands","volume":"59","author":"Dagnelie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN19980015","article-title":"A longitudinal study of iron status in children at 12, 24 and 36 months","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/080352501750197601","article-title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency in 12-mo-old infants from 11 European areas and influence of dietary factors on iron status (Euro-Growth Study)","volume":"90","author":"Male","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27588","article-title":"Food-based strategies improve iron status in toddlers: a randomized controlled trial12","volume":"90","author":"Szymlek-Gay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:97:3:197","article-title":"Influence of diet on iron, copper, and zinc status in children under 24 months of age","volume":"97","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/080352501750315618","article-title":"Iron-fortified and unfortified cow's milk: effects on iron intakes and iron status in young children","volume":"90","author":"Virtanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27350","article-title":"Iron status of breastfed infants is improved equally by medicinal iron and iron-fortified cereal","volume":"90","author":"Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib30","first-page":"793","article-title":"Haemoglobin fortified cereal: a source of available iron to breast-fed infants","volume":"44","author":"Hertrampf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-009-0043-9","article-title":"Complementary food with low (8%) or high (12%) meat content as source of dietary iron: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Dube","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199801000-00005","article-title":"Meat intake and iron status in late infancy: an intervention study","volume":"26","author":"Engelmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.024","article-title":"Effects of different complementary feeding regimens on iron status and enteric microbiota in breastfed infants","volume":"163","author":"Krebs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000189346.25172.fd","article-title":"Meat as a first complementary food for breastfed infants: feasibility and impact on zinc intake and status","volume":"42","author":"Krebs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.036046","article-title":"Comparison of complementary feeding strategies to meet zinc requirements of older breastfed infants","volume":"96","author":"Krebs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70069-1","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial of increased dietary iron in breast-fed infants","volume":"133","author":"Makrides","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404285","article-title":"Efficacy of meat and iron-fortified commercial cereal to prevent iron depletion in cow milk-fed infants 6 to 12 months of age: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Yeung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb138212.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of iron status in healthy Danish infants: effects of early iron status, growth velocity and dietary factors","volume":"84","author":"Michaelsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053595","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of new complementary feeding guidelines with an emphasis on red meat consumption: a randomized trial in Bogota, Colombia","volume":"98","author":"Olaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199602000-00008","article-title":"Dietary fiber in weaning cereals: a study of the effect on stool characteristics and absorption of energy, nitrogen, and minerals in healthy infants","volume":"22","author":"Davidsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.1.168","article-title":"Effects of weaning cereals with different phytate contents on hemoglobin, iron stores, and serum zinc: a randomized intervention in infants from 6 to 12 mo of age","volume":"78","author":"Lind","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.5.976","article-title":"Effectiveness of iron-fortified infant cereal in prevention of iron deficiency anemia","volume":"91","author":"Walter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.4.506","article-title":"Nutritional efficacy of a fortified weaning rusk in a rural area near Beijing","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.6.1084","article-title":"Nutritional effect of including egg yolk in the weaning diet of breast-fed and formula-fed infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Makrides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318225cdaf","article-title":"Efficacy of an MFGM-enriched complementary food in diarrhea, anemia, and micronutrient status in infants","volume":"53","author":"Zavaleta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib46","first-page":"45","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of iron deficiency anemia in term infants","volume":"88","author":"Tantracheewathorn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2307","article-title":"Maturation of visual acuity is accelerated in breast-fed term infants fed baby food containing DHA-enriched egg yolk","volume":"134","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0982-2","article-title":"Fatty acid supply with complementary foods and LC-PUFA status in healthy infants: results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Libuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.146027","article-title":"Modification of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids via complementary food enhances n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in healthy infants: a double blinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Schwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01634.x","article-title":"Different quantities and quality of fat in milk products given to young children: effects on long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids in plasma","volume":"91","author":"Svahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522032373?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522032373?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/109\/Supplement_1\/852S\/29193263\/nqy266.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T11:57:50Z","timestamp":1685188670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916522032373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0002916522032373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Complementary feeding and micronutrient status: a systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy266","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2019 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}