{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:14:42Z","timestamp":1792631682709,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1309,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T03:15:39Z","timestamp":1557371739000},"page":"91-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["South African preschool children habitually consuming sheep liver and exposed to vitamin A supplementation and fortification have hypervitaminotic A liver stores: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha E","family":"van Stuijvenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A","family":"Dhansay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devika","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Grahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry A","family":"Tanumihardjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib1","series-title":"Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries. Nutrition Policy Discussion paper no. 13.","author":"Beaton","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib2","first-page":"CD008524","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age","volume":"3","author":"Imdad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib3","series-title":"Guideline: Vitamin A Supplementation in Infants and Children 6\u201359 Months of Age.","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.191","article-title":"The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A","volume":"83","author":"Penniston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116630480","article-title":"Assessing the safety of vitamin A delivered through large-scale intervention programs: Workshop report on setting the research agenda","volume":"37","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib6","series-title":"South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1)","author":"Shisana","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib7","unstructured":"Department of Health. Regulations relating to the fortification of certain foodstuffs. [Internet]. [cited 11 March 2018]. Available from: http:\/\/www.health.gov.za\/index.php\/2014-03-17-09-09-38\/legislation\/joomla-split-menu\/category\/123-reg2003?download=265:regulations-relating-to-the-fortification-of-foodstuffs; 2003"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib8","series-title":"Guidelines for the Implementation of Vitamin A Supplementation.","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011002126","article-title":"Serum retinol in 1\u20136-year-old children from a low socio-economic South African community with a high intake of liver: Implications for blanket vitamin A supplementation","volume":"15","author":"Van Stuijvenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib10","series-title":"Food Composition Database, Version 2016.","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003212","article-title":"Liver intake in 24\u201359-month-old children from an impoverished South African community provides enough vitamin A to meet requirements","volume":"17","author":"Nel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.229708","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)\u2014Vitamin A review","volume":"146","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib13","article-title":"Overlapping vitamin A interventions in the United States, Guatemala, Zambia, and South Africa: Case studies","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib14","series-title":"Indicators for Assessing Vitamin A Deficiency and Their Application in Monitoring and Evaluating Intervention Programmes.","year":"1996"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000182","article-title":"Usefulness of vitamin A isotope methods for status assessment: From deficiency to excess","volume":"84","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.247577","article-title":"Single high-dose vitamin A supplementation to neonatal piglets results in a transient dose response in extrahepatic organs and sustained increases in liver stores","volume":"147","author":"Gannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib17","series-title":"Appropriate Uses of Vitamin A Tracer (Stable Isotope) Methodology. (Members: Furr HC, Green M, Haskell M, Mokhtar N, Nestel P, Ribaya-Mercado J, Tanumihardjo SA, Wasantwisut E).","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib18","series-title":"Child Growth Standards. Length\/height-for-age, Weight-for-age, Weight-for-length, Weight-for-height and Body Mass Index for Age. Methods and development.","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.087379","article-title":"Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: A community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Gannon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.208132","article-title":"Comparisons among equations used for retinol isotope dilution in the assessment of total body stores and total liver reserves","volume":"145","author":"Gannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy095","article-title":"Duration of retinol isotope dilution studies with compartmental modeling affects model complexity, kinetic parameters, and calculated vitamin A stores in US women","volume":"148","author":"Gannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib22","series-title":"Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition.","first-page":"17","article-title":"Chapter 2: Vitamin A","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-17-000148","article-title":"Vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops) consuming oil palm-derived carotenoids have higher hepatic vitamin A concentrations than controls","volume":"57","author":"Mondloch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Animal Sci."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib24","series-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.","first-page":"65","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112383","article-title":"High provitamin A carotenoid serum concentrations, elevated retinyl esters, and saturated retinol-binding protein in Zambian preschool children are consistent with the presence of high liver vitamin A stores","volume":"102","author":"Mondloch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy190","article-title":"Serum retinyl esters are positively correlated with analyzed total liver vitamin A reserves collected from US adults at time of death","volume":"108","author":"Olsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.1.67","article-title":"Assessment of vitamin A status by the deuterated-retinol-dilution technique and comparison with hepatic vitamin A concentration in Bangladeshi surgical patients","volume":"66","author":"Haskell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.254441","article-title":"Should we restrict vitamin A intake, a minor contributor to plasma retinol turnover, when using retinol isotope dilution equations to estimate an individual\u2019s vitamin A status, or should vitamin A balance be maintained?","volume":"147","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.238899","article-title":"Retinol isotope dilution is applied during restriction of vitamin A intake to predict individual subject total body vitamin A stores at isotopic equilibrium","volume":"146","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2907S","article-title":"Estimating the potential for vitamin A toxicity in women and young children","volume":"132","author":"Allen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib31","unstructured":"WHO. Measles fact sheet. [Internet]. [cited 2018 February 9]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs286\/en\/."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib32","first-page":"CD007719","article-title":"Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children","volume":"31","author":"Bello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.5.890","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"54","author":"Coutsoudis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007193230304","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles","volume":"323","author":"Hussey","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.143","article-title":"Hypercarotenodermia in Zambia: Which children turned orange during mango season?","volume":"69","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1080","article-title":"\u03b2-Carotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potato improves the vitamin A status of primary school children assessed by the modified-relative-dose-response test","volume":"81","author":"van Jaarsveld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib37","series-title":"Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System.","article-title":"Serum retinol concentrations for determining the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations. [Internet]","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2895S","article-title":"Biochemical indicators of vitamin A deficiency: Serum retinol and serum retinol binding protein","volume":"132","author":"de Pee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.151829","article-title":"Introduction of \u03b2-carotene-rich orange sweet potato in rural Uganda resulted in increased vitamin A intakes among children and women and improved vitamin A status among children","volume":"142","author":"Hotz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600528-JLR200","article-title":"Model-based compartmental analysis indicates a reduced mobilization of hepatic vitamin A during inflammation in rats","volume":"48","author":"Gieng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014167","article-title":"Metabolic effects of inflammation on vitamin A and carotenoids in humans and animal models","volume":"8","author":"Rubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.10.1767","article-title":"Plasma retinol is a major determinant of vitamin A utilization in rats","volume":"128","author":"Kelley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E190","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030190","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation programs and country-level evidence of vitamin A deficiency","volume":"9","author":"Wirth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.12.3316","article-title":"Can lack of improvement in vitamin A status indicators be explained by little or no overall change in vitamin A status of humans?","volume":"131","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.125500","article-title":"Accelerator mass spectrometry can be used to assess vitamin A metabolism quantitatively in boys in a community setting","volume":"140","author":"Aklamati","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.851","article-title":"Elevated serum concentrations of beta-glucuronide metabolites and 4-oxoretinol in lactating sows after treatment with vitamin A: A model for evaluating supplementation in lactating women","volume":"81","author":"Penniston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-072610-145127","article-title":"Cytochrome P450s in the regulation of cellular retinoic acid metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1350","article-title":"Serum retinyl esters are not elevated in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis whose preformed vitamin A intakes are high","volume":"84","author":"Penniston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.1.112","volume":"49","author":"Krasinski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.04.024","article-title":"Vitamin A and anthropometric status of South African preschool children from four areas with known distinct eating patterns","volume":"31","author":"Faber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116630481","article-title":"A changing landscape for vitamin A programs: Implications for optimal intervention packages, program monitoring, and safety","volume":"37","author":"Klemm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull."}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522011558?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002916522011558?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382\/28647146\/nqy382.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article-pdf\/110\/1\/91\/28879017\/nqy382.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T02:12:42Z","timestamp":1685758362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002916522011558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002916522011558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"South African preschool children habitually consuming sheep liver and exposed to vitamin A supplementation and fortification have hypervitaminotic A liver stores: a cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2019 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}