{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:09:40Z","timestamp":1781629780393,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the Center for Cancer Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are heterogeneous, clinically aggressive, and rare. Subtype distribution varies by geographic location; however, data from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are lacking. We sought to elucidate clinicopathologic features of PTCL in SSA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We reviewed PTCL consultation cases from three SSA countries. PTCL subtype was determined per 2017 World Health Organization classification. Cases with sufficient material were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and T-cell receptor \u03b3 (TCRG) rearrangement.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 32 cases, median age was 45 years and male-to-female ratio was 1.7. Thirty (94%) of 32 cases required additional workup for subclassification. PTCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) was the most common subtype (13\/32, 41%), followed by PTCL with T-follicular helper phenotype (6\/32, 19%) and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (6\/32, 19%). Four (16%) of 25 cases were Epstein-Barr virus positive (EBV+) (2\/2 extranodal natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma, 1\/13 PTCL-NOS, and 1\/4 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with EBV+ immunoblasts). Two (15%) of 13 patients with PTCL-NOS were human immunodeficiency virus positive. No cases with evaluable DNA (0\/15) were HTLV-1 positive, and 9 of 10 showed clonal TCRG rearrangements.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In comparison to Western studies, PTCLs from SSA show similar subtype distribution and male predominance but a younger age at diagnosis. Appropriate diagnosis of PTCL requires extensive ancillary testing not readily available in low-income countries, including much of SSA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T19:14:36Z","timestamp":1600283676000},"page":"42-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinicopathologic Features of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma in Sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9336-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan J","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahir","family":"Moloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukendi K A","family":"Kayembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drucilla J","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thu-Anh","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Raffeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Abner","family":"Louissaint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliyah R","family":"Sohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.16.4558","article-title":"International peripheral T-cell and natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Vose","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.94","article-title":"Lymphoma incidence, survival and prevalence 2004-2014: sub-type analyses from the UK\u2019s Haematological Malignancy Research Network","volume":"112","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh392","article-title":"Characterization of peripheral T-cell lymphomas in a single North American institution by the WHO classification","volume":"15","author":"Savage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0004","first-page":"EC14","article-title":"Lymphomas in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: immunohistochemical characterization and detection of Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA","volume":"9","author":"Onwubuya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016000026","article-title":"Targetable subsets of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Malawi define therapeutic opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13885","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in southern Africa: review of 487 cases from the International Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Classification Project","volume":"172","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08772.x","article-title":"Lymphomas in sub-Saharan Africa\u2014what can we learn and how can we help in improving diagnosis, managing patients and fostering translational research?","volume":"154","author":"Naresh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-387092","article-title":"Meeting the challenge of hematologic malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"119","author":"Gopal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.5858\/2007-131-1636-PSIDCA","article-title":"Pathology services in developing countries: a challenge","volume":"131","author":"Benediktsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.09.010","article-title":"Cancer in the Sudan: an overview of the current status of knowledge on tumor patterns and risk factors","volume":"423","author":"Awadelkarim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e194337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.4337","article-title":"Trends in the US and Canadian pathologist workforces from 2007 to 2017","volume":"2","author":"Metter","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24838","article-title":"Changing cancer incidence in Kampala, Uganda, 1991-2006","volume":"126","author":"Parkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31820bb06a","article-title":"Changing pattern of lymphoma subgroups at a tertiary academic complex in a high-prevalence HIV setting: a South African perspective","volume":"56","author":"Wiggill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0015","first-page":"69","article-title":"AIDS and non AIDS-related malignant lymphoma in Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Kaaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-018-0429-y","article-title":"Updates of peripheral T cell lymphomas based on the 2017 WHO classification","volume":"13","author":"Siaghani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90258-1","article-title":"HIV-associated malignant lymphomas in Kenya (Equatorial Africa)","volume":"29","author":"Lazzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPS1K0OHLJYWWV","article-title":"Minimal residual disease detection by flow cytometry in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"133","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3182785610","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphomas of follicular T-helper cell derivation with Hodgkin\/Reed-Sternberg cells of B-cell lineage: both EBV-positive and EBV-negative variants exist","volume":"37","author":"Nicolae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0020","volume-title":"WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2017","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31817d7452","article-title":"CD20+ T-cell lymphoma: clinicopathologic analysis of 9 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Rahemtullah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-016-0353-y","article-title":"T-cell lymphoma epidemiology: the known and unknown","volume":"11","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200408150-00004","article-title":"T-cell lymphoma in HIV-infected patients","volume":"36","author":"Arzoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000329","article-title":"HIV-associated malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa: progress, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Chinula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2015.126300","article-title":"Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is the most common T-cell lymphoma in two distinct French information data sets","volume":"100","author":"de Leval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.158428","article-title":"Integrative clinicopathological and molecular analyses of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and other nodal lymphomas of follicular helper T-cell origin","volume":"102","author":"Dobay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Kenya: MYC, BCL2, and the cell of origin","volume":"5","author":"Wawire","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Oncol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00211","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus epidemiology, serology, and genetic variability of LMP-1 oncogene among healthy population: an update","volume":"8","author":"Smatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1993.tb00093.x","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histopathology."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4531","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 42 cases of EBV-positive mature T\/NK-cell neoplasms","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-016-2068-1","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment outcome of Epstein-Barr virus-positive nodal T-cell lymphoma","volume":"104","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Hematol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5581\/1516-8484.20120013","article-title":"T-cell lymphomas in South America and Europe","volume":"34","author":"Bellei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2013.0038","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"11","author":"Ulrickson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.7.854","article-title":"Incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973-2002","volume":"143","author":"Criscione","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.10.031","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in skin of color","volume":"60","author":"Hinds","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14963","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of mycosis fungoides in Tanzania, East Africa","volume":"176","author":"Grijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2018.10.004","article-title":"Intestinal T-cell and NK\/T-cell lymphomas: a clinicopathological study of 27 Chinese patients","volume":"37","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.01.005","article-title":"Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a review of clinicopathologic features, pathogenesis, and prognostic factors","volume":"74","author":"Yabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2014.09.006","article-title":"Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a case series","volume":"8","author":"Ashmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther."},{"key":"2021061708500228700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61152-X","article-title":"Expansion of cancer care and control in countries of low and middle income: a call to action","volume":"376","author":"Farmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcp\/article-pdf\/156\/1\/42\/38667640\/aqaa201.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcp\/article-pdf\/156\/1\/42\/38667640\/aqaa201.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T08:51:55Z","timestamp":1623919915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcp\/article\/156\/1\/42\/6126238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa201","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9173","1943-7722"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9173","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-7722","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]}}}