{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:09:17Z","timestamp":1782968957023,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this review is to characterize the literature addressing postprocedural complications in persons undergoing gender-affirming surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A literature search using the OVID MEDLINE and PubMed databases was performed to identify all studies describing histologic findings in surgical pathology specimens from transgender persons from 1946 to April 2021. The studies describing postsurgical complications were categorized based on anatomic site, type of complication, study design, publication region, and date.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-nine studies describing postsurgical complications in transgender women were identified. The most common sites of postprocedural pathology included the breasts and neovagina, with additional studies including buttocks and thighs, cutaneous sites, and the pulmonary system. Most of the literature comprised case reports, followed by case series and comparative studies. The search did not identify any studies of complications secondary to masculinizing surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This body of literature is small but growing. Most studies are case reports. There are significant gaps in the literature. The literature in this area is not yet mature enough to support a meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqab143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T19:12:37Z","timestamp":1627499557000},"page":"337-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nonhormone-Related Histologic Findings in Postsurgical Pathology Specimens From Transgender Persons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4927-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archan","family":"Kakadekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6966-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina N","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4414-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert L","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-0949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia R","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2011.700873","article-title":"Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people\/the World Professional Association for Transgender Health","volume":"13","author":"Coleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Transgend."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001421","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and management of neovaginal fistulas after vaginoplasty in transgender women","volume":"127","author":"van der Sluis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2020.06.039","article-title":"Spectrum of imaging findings in gender-affirming genital surgery: intraoperative photographs, normal post-operative anatomy, and common complications","volume":"69","author":"Nazarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Imaging."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.06.007","article-title":"A historical review of gender-affirming medicine: focus on genital reconstruction surgery","volume":"14","author":"Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sex Med."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006282","article-title":"Outcomes and predictors of revision labiaplasty and clitoroplasty after gender-affirming genital surgery","volume":"144","author":"Boas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0006","article-title":"Histologic findings in surgical pathology specimens from individuals taking feminizing hormone therapy for the purpose of gender transition\u2014a systematic scoping review [published online May 13, 2021]","author":"Andrews","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190143","article-title":"Urethrographic evaluation of anatomic findings and complications after perineal masculinization and phalloplasty in transgender patients","volume":"40","author":"Dabela-Biketi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0008","article-title":"Histologic findings in surgical pathology specimens from individuals taking masculinizing hormone therapy for the purpose of gender transition\u2014a systematic scoping review","author":"Andrews","year":"","journal-title":"Arch Path Lab Med."},{"key":"2023020707511129200_CIT0009","first-page":"1876","article-title":"Injection of high viscosity liquids. 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