{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:33:07Z","timestamp":1788395587917,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL129956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL129956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the histopathologic features of breast tissue of transgender men (TM) undergoing gender-affirming bilateral mastectomies in relation to androgen therapy (AT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed 374 transgender bilateral mastectomy cases from 2017 to 2020. Of these, 314 (84.4%) patients received preoperative AT. We compared these with 127 cases of cisgender females undergoing elective breast reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast specimens from TM on AT, compared with cisgender women, showed a median higher gross percentage of fibrous tissue (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), reduced lobular density (P\u2005=\u2005.004), higher amount of lobular atrophy (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), and lower incidence of cysts (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), apocrine metaplasia (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), calcifications (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), columnar cell change (P\u2005=\u2005.002), and atypia (P\u2005=\u2005.003). Each additional month of AT was associated with a 2% decrease in the odds of having nonapocrine cysts (P\u2005=\u2005.02), a 5% decrease in the odds of having usual ductal hyperplasia (P\u2005=\u2005.007), and a 0.14% decrease in median lobular density (95% confidence interval, \u20130.18 to \u20130.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, breast specimens from TM, particularly with a history of AT, had a higher proportion of fibrous tissue, fewer lobules, and a higher degree of lobular atrophy than cisgender females. Rare cases of atypia were not predicted by preoperative imaging or gross findings, supporting routine microscopic evaluation of these specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqac123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T20:05:54Z","timestamp":1670270754000},"page":"43-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Histopathologic Features of Breast Tissue From Transgender Men and Their Associations With Androgen Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Emily A","family":"Wolters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimmie E","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Hennepin County Medical Center , Minneapolis, MN , 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