{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T05:52:48Z","timestamp":1673157168266},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interpreting small biopsy specimens or fine-needle aspirations of gastrointestinal tract (GI) smooth muscle lesions may be challenging when the differential diagnosis includes leiomyoma vs muscularis propria (MP). We evaluated the utility of S100 staining in distinguishing GI leiomyomas from MP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A search was conducted in our laboratory information system for cases of leiomyomas arising within the GI tract (2004-2021). Site-matched controls containing MP were selected (2018-2020). Five high-power fields (hpf) were counted on S100 immunohistochemical stains by two pathologists in the resections and by three different blinded pathologists in the biopsy specimens and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The median S100 count was 2.5\/5 hpf in leiomyoma resection cases (n\u2005=\u200538), which was significantly lower than the median count of 548\/5 hpf in MP (n\u2005=\u200519) with a P value of\u2005&amp;lt;.0001. The median S100 count in biopsy specimens (n\u2005=\u200516) was 1.2\/5 hpf and within the expected range of 1 to 104\/5 hpf (minimum-maximum value) established by the leiomyoma resections. S100 counts in the normal MP were significantly higher than those observed in leiomyomas (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>S100 staining can aid in distinguishing a leiomyoma from MP in the GI tract, which is especially helpful when evaluating cases with limited sampling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqac128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T20:16:15Z","timestamp":1663100175000},"page":"53-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinguishing Gastrointestinal Leiomyomas From Muscularis Propria in Biopsy Specimens by Differential Expression of S100 Immunohistochemical Stain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Zachary","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Barraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, UT , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kajsa E","family":"Affolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Jedrzkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0492-5","article-title":"Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: an analysis of prognostic features in 407 cases","volume":"33","author":"Alpert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Pathol."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1004157","article-title":"Endoscopic resection of submucosal tumor of the esophagus: results in 62 patients","volume":"29","author":"Hyun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endoscopy."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-006-0092-y","article-title":"True smooth muscle neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract: morphological spectrum and classification in a series of 85 cases from a single institute","volume":"392","author":"Agaimy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200002000-00007","article-title":"Esophageal stromal tumors: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 17 cases and comparison with esophageal leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas","volume":"24","author":"Miettinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02292.x","article-title":"Evaluation of biological potential of smooth muscle tumours","volume":"48","author":"Miettinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-004-1055-8","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal 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J Clin Exp Pathol."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3182a0d134","article-title":"Leiomyoma of the gastrointestinal tract with interstitial cells of Cajal: a mimic of gastrointestinal stromal tumor","volume":"38","author":"Deshpande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76303","article-title":"Emerging roles for enteric glia in gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"125","author":"Sharkey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2023010721562488700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.36600","article-title":"Enteric nerves and interstitial cells of Cajal are altered in patients with slow-transit constipation and megacolon","volume":"123","author":"Wedel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Clinical 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