{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:28:40Z","timestamp":1790875720959,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Westchester County Department of Health","award":["HLT 27017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HLT 27017"]}]},{"name":"The Westchester County Department of Health","award":["HLT 27018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HLT 27018"]}]},{"name":"The Westchester County Department of Health","award":["HLT 27019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HLT 27019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR41511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR41511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We sought to assess the performance of 3 laboratory tests on blood specimens for direct detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the cause of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), in patients tested at a single medical institution in New York State.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Direct tests included microscopic blood smear examination for intragranulocytic inclusions, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and culture using the HL-60 cell line. The HGA cases testing positive by only 1 direct test were not included, unless HGA was confirmed by acute or convalescent serology using an indirect immunofluorescent assay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 1997 to 2009, 71 patients with HGA were diagnosed by at least 1 of the 3 direct test methods. For the subgroup of 55 patients who were tested using all 3 methods, culture was positive for 90.9% (50\/55) vs 81.8% (45\/55) for PCR vs 63.6% (35\/55) for blood smear (P =.002). Most cultures (79.3%) were detected as positive within 1 week of incubation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although using culture to detect A phagocytophilum is likely not amenable for implementation in most hospital laboratories, in our experience, culture had the highest yield among the direct tests evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqae126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T17:26:17Z","timestamp":1726939577000},"page":"313-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Culture and other direct detection methods to diagnose human granulocytic anaplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"163","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1994-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria E","family":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY ,","place":["US"]},{"name":"Clinical Laboratories, Westchester Medical Center , Valhalla NY ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois","family":"Zentmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratories, Westchester Medical Center , Valhalla NY ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionysios","family":"Liveris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Visintainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMass Chan Medical School\u2013Baystate , Springfield, MA ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Stephen","family":"Dumler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary P","family":"Wormser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2025021323425969500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.3.589-595.1994","article-title":"Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025021323425969500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520030054028","article-title":"Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper Midwest United States. 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