{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:13:18Z","timestamp":1789557198779,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rectal and pharyngeal infections with gonorrhea and chlamydia are of concern because they are associated with higher risk of HIV acquisition. Extragenital screening in asymptomatic persons at high risk may have the potential to reduce the incidence of these sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Several testing platforms are available for the testing of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Self-collected extragenital samples are currently not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in any NAAT platform. This study compares the analytical performance of self-collected extragenital specimens to that of clinician-collected specimens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a multicenter\/multiplatform validation study as a National Veterans Health Administration Pathology and Laboratory Medicine quality improvement project, with 9 different participating sites. Self-collected specimens were obtained at the same time as clinician-collected specimens. Clinician-collected specimens were used as the gold standard to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of self-collection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 2324 individual tests were analyzed (501 rectal and 661 oropharyngeal). The sensitivity was 94.44% for CT and 100% for NG for rectal specimens, whereas it was 100% for CT and 97.22% for NG for oral specimens. Specificity for oral specimens was 99.85% for CT and 99.36% for NG, whereas for rectal specimens, it was 99% for CT and NG.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Self-collected specimens for extragenital CT\/NG testing are highly sensitive and specific, with negative predictive values of 100%. Self-collection has the potential to overcome a major barrier for STI screening by providing an accessible, convenient, and patient-centered alternative.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqae135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T11:56:02Z","timestamp":1728734162000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extragenital self-collection testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia: A feasibility study for expanding STI screening in the Veterans Health Administration"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1367-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria E","family":"Navas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Northeast Ohio Health Care System , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["US"]},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Northeast Ohio Health Care System , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["US"]},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Van Epps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Northeast Ohio Health Care System , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["US"]},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Northeast Ohio Health Care System , Cleveland, OH ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KC","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Maryland Health Care System , 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Dallas, TX ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA North Texas Health Science Center , Dallas, TX ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Orlando Healthcare System , Orlando, FL ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh Q","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Orlando Healthcare System , Orlando, FL ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Benitez Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Orlando Healthcare System , Orlando, FL ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Wigton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Health Care System , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjum S","family":"Kaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Health Care System , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Niehans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Health Care System , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wang-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Program Department of Veterans Affairs, , Washington, DC ,","place":["US"]},{"name":"University of California , San Diego, CA ,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Stacey","family":"Klutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Program Department 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Infect."},{"issue":"11","key":"2024101211553320300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu184","article-title":"Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men\u2014STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010-2012","volume":"58","author":"Patton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024101211553320300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1086\/430704","article-title":"Prevalence of rectal, urethral, and pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhea detected in 2 clinical settings among men who have sex with men: San Francisco, California, 2003","volume":"41","author":"Kent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024101211553320300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001170","article-title":"Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia positivity and the potential for missed 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asymptomatic extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia in men who have sex with men: significance, recommendations, and options for overcoming barriers to testing","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"2024101211553320300_CIT0019","article-title":"Aptima Combo 2 Assay (Panther System)","author":"Holologic","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024101211553320300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7313-0","article-title":"Understanding the attitudes and acceptability of extra-genital chlamydia testing in young women: evaluation of a feasibility study","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024101211553320300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000979","article-title":"Implementation and operational research: effectiveness and patient acceptability of a sexually transmitted infection self-testing program 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