{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:30:07Z","timestamp":1792398607201,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.8.732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:02:40Z","timestamp":1027710160000},"page":"732-738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":304,"title":["Parkinson's Disease Risks Associated with Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Caffeine Intake"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Checkoway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Smith-Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. T.","family":"Longstreth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. D.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"1_6165359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810083391506","volume":"339","author":"Lang","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8753","key":"2_9454407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92989-F","volume":"337","author":"Agid","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"4_16029902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117721","volume":"142","author":"Mayeux","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9262","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_10717056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.4.341","volume":"281","author":"Tanner","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_15908351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1041","volume":"45","author":"Morens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_10107009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070407","volume":"7","author":"Jim\u00a0\u00a0nez-Jim\u00a0\u00a0nez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0885-3185","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"8_14615497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.6.1150","volume":"43","author":"Butterfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"9_15503351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090215","volume":"9","author":"Mayeux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0885-3185","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"10_16367298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110105","volume":"11","author":"De Michele","year":"1996","journal-title":"Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0885-3185","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"11_16796494","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.2.328","volume":"26","author":"Hellenbrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-5771","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"12_6223665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.5.781","volume":"65","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3050","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_10713925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.1.115","volume":"52","author":"Gorell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"14_10559123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1350","volume":"55","author":"Benedetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"15_9330809","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199011000-00008","volume":"1","author":"Sasco","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1044-3983","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"16_15517262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116960","volume":"139","author":"Grandinetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9262","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"17_16318433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008941","volume":"144","author":"Morens","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9262","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6567","key":"18_16186063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/379733a0","volume":"379","author":"Fowler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature; Physical Science (London)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1476-4687","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"19_25104516","first-page":"41","volume":"126","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-6314","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"20_13240469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(84)91293-2","volume":"120","author":"Chiba","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0006-291X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"21_11160489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1021\/tx000224v","volume":"14","author":"Castagnoli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemical research in toxicology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-228X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"22_6244196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71062439.x","volume":"71","author":"Maggio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of neurochemistry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3042","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"23_9682452","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09786.x","volume":"58","author":"Behmand","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of neurochemistry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3042","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"24_10711949","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<28::AID-MDS1007>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"14","author":"Fall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0885-3185","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"20","key":"25_10323230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.20.2674","volume":"283","author":"Ross","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-7484","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"26_11237741","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1052","volume":"50","author":"Ascherio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0364-5134","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"27_11012276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00143.2001","volume":"21","author":"Arancio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0270-6474","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"9","key":"28_9948115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x","volume":"40","author":"Tombaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-8614","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"32_10536313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000026273","volume":"19","author":"Preux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0251-5350","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"33_11187406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2001.5134","volume":"293","author":"Caldwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Analytical biochemistry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-2697","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"34_10784686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.123","volume":"22","author":"Olanow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annual review of neuroscience","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0147-006X","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/155\/8\/732\/9736456\/732.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T04:46:42Z","timestamp":1583297202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/155.8.732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,15]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/155.8.732","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,15]]}}}