{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:42:28Z","timestamp":1774928548244,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-13692S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-13692S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Charles University Research Center Program","award":["204056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204056"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RVO-VFN64165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO-VFN64165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is one of the most widespread human parasitoses in developed countries. Sexual transmission has been confirmed in several animal species, and indirect evidence suggests it may occur in humans. We compared the seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii in couples who visited the Center for Assisted Reproduction in Prague from June 2016 to June 2018 and analyzed various risk factors including the serological status of sexual partner. By comparing the risk factors in men and women, we tested the hypothesis of male-to-female sexual transmission of toxoplasmosis. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in women with infected male partners (25.6%; n\u00a0=\u00a0156) was higher than in women with uninfected male partners (18.2%; n\u00a0=\u00a0477; P\u00a0=\u00a00.045). Therefore, a partner\u2019s seropositivity seems to be a risk factor for infection in women (n\u00a0=\u00a0593; prevalence ratio\u00a0=\u00a01.418; P\u00a0=\u00a00.045) but not in men (n\u00a0=\u00a0573; prevalence ratio\u00a0=\u00a01.058; P\u00a0=\u00a00.816). Our results support the hypothesis of the sexual transmission of T. gondii from men to women. The risk may seem relatively low, but transmission can occur during unprotected sexual intercourse, which may be at the time of conception. Because of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis, a lower risk of infection than that observed in our study can represent a serious health problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T19:11:33Z","timestamp":1599765093000},"page":"386-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Male-to-Female Presumed Transmission of Toxoplasmosis Between Sexual Partners"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Flegr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"\u0158e\u017e\u00e1bek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Calda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0160\u00e1rka","family":"Ka\u0148kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"2021030604294987000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021030604294987000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021030604294987000_ref3","first-page":"910","article-title":"Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T. gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viability of tissue cysts in pork","volume":"49","author":"Dubey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"2021030604294987000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65846-4","article-title":"Protozoan infections in the male genital tract","volume":"156","author":"Martinez-Garcia","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021030604294987000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200037","article-title":"Prevalence of acute toxoplasmosis infection among 41,112 pregnant women and the mother-to-child transmission rate in a public hospital in South Brazil","volume":"104","author":"Varella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021030604294987000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.09.005","article-title":"The placenta: a main role in congenital toxoplasmosis?","volume":"27","author":"Robert-Gangneux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"RR-2","key":"2021030604294987000_ref7","first-page":"59","article-title":"Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"49","author":"Lopez","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021030604294987000_ref8","first-page":"657","article-title":"Toxoplasmic encephalomyelitis: III. A new case of granulomatous encephalomyelitis due to a protozoon","volume":"15","author":"Wolf","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"9167","key":"2021030604294987000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08220-8","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling","volume":"353","author":"Dunn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021030604294987000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027229","article-title":"Protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii manipulates mate choice in rats by enhancing attractiveness of males","volume":"6","author":"Dass","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2021030604294987000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.056","article-title":"Sexual transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep","volume":"195","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2021030604294987000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2013.08.008","article-title":"Evidence of sexual transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in goats","volume":"115","author":"Santana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021030604294987000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.07.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: evidence for the transmission by semen in dogs","volume":"123","author":"Arantes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2021030604294987000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.017","article-title":"Experimental infection by Toxoplasma gondii using contaminated semen containing different doses of tachyzoites in sheep","volume":"170","author":"Moraes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021030604294987000_ref15","first-page":"166","article-title":"Study on the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by semen in rabbits","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021030604294987000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200604020-00016","article-title":"Dynamic observation of polypide in semen and blood of rabbits infected with Toxoplasma tachyzoites","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021030604294987000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612010000300010","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the reproductive system of male goats","volume":"19","author":"Santana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021030604294987000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2007001000008","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in semen of experimentally infected swine","volume":"27","author":"Moura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pesq Vet Bras"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021030604294987000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2009000100009","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected Bos taurus and Bos indicus semen and tissues","volume":"29","author":"Scarpelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pesq Vet Bras"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021030604294987000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.7.2549-2555.1995","article-title":"Sex-determined resistance to Toxoplasma gondii is associated with temporal differences in cytokine production","volume":"63","author":"Roberts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021030604294987000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01278.x","article-title":"What do we know about risk factors for infection in humans with Toxoplasma gondii and how can we prevent infections?","volume":"57","author":"Petersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021030604294987000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.031","article-title":"Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for prenatal management and screening","volume":"192","author":"Boyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021030604294987000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.05.019","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis can be a sexually transmitted infection with serious clinical consequences. Not all routes of infection are created equal","volume":"83","author":"Flegr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2021030604294987000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109725","article-title":"Oral sex: a new, and possibly the most dangerous, route of toxoplasmosis transmission","volume":"141","author":"Ka\u0148kov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2021030604294987000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-178","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in psychiatric inpatients in a northern Mexican city","volume":"6","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021030604294987000_ref26","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Men having sex with men in Surakarta, Indonesia: demographics, behavioral characteristics and prevalence of blood borne pathogens","volume":"45","author":"Prasetyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021030604294987000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2015.00039","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in female sex workers: a case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021030604294987000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ721","article-title":"Clustering of Toxoplasma gondii infections within families of congenitally infected infants","volume":"61","author":"Contopoulos-Ioannidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021030604294987000_ref29","first-page":"391","article-title":"Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Toxoplasma gondii im menschlichen Ejakulat","volume":"22","author":"Disko","year":"1971","journal-title":"Z Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"2021030604294987000_ref30","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021030604294987000_ref31","author":"Ospina","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021030604294987000_ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021030604294987000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700019X","article-title":"Predictors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Czech and Slovak populations: the possible role of cat-related injuries and risky sexual behavior in the parasite transmission","volume":"145","author":"Flegr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021030604294987000_ref34","first-page":"503","article-title":"Toxoplasma infection in males with sterility in Shenyang, China","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021030604294987000_ref35","first-page":"29","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and female infertility: is there a co-relation?","volume":"2","author":"El-Tantawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021030604294987000_ref36","first-page":"125","article-title":"Toxoplasma in the Czech Republic 1923-1999: first case to widespread outbreak","volume":"31","author":"Kodym","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaa198\/35099865\/kwaa198.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/190\/3\/386\/36417999\/kwaa198.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/190\/3\/386\/36417999\/kwaa198.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T04:30:34Z","timestamp":1615005034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/190\/3\/386\/5905708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaa198","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]}}}