{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T03:12:25Z","timestamp":1768878745077,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD093602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD093602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In aspiring to be discerning epidemiologists, we must learn to think critically about the fundamental concepts in our field and be able to understand and apply many of the novel methods being developed today. We must also find effective ways to teach both basic and advanced topics in epidemiology to graduate students, in a manner that goes beyond simple provision of knowledge. Here, we argue that simulation is one critical tool that can be used to help meet these goals, by providing examples of how simulation can be used to address 2 common misconceptions in epidemiology. First, we show how simulation can be used to explore nondifferential exposure misclassification. Second, we show how an instructor could use simulation to provide greater clarity on the correct definition of the P value. Through these 2 examples, we highlight how simulation can be used to both clearly and concretely demonstrate theoretical concepts, as well as to test and experiment with ideas, theories, and methods in a controlled environment. Simulation is therefore useful not only in the classroom but also as a skill for independent self-learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T19:12:15Z","timestamp":1602875535000},"page":"900-907","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Simulation as a Tool for Teaching and Learning Epidemiologic Methods"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline E","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew P","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley I","family":"Naimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"2021050421273086700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2673","article-title":"The design of simulation studies in medical statistics","volume":"25","author":"Burton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2021050421273086700_ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conveying truth with the artificial: using simulated data to teach statistics in social sciences","volume":"1","author":"Mooney","year":"1995","journal-title":"SocInfo Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021050421273086700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9639.00033","article-title":"On simulation and the teaching of statistics","volume":"22","author":"Hodgson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Teach Stat"},{"issue":"247","key":"2021050421273086700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1949.10483310","article-title":"The Monte Carlo method","volume":"44","author":"Metropolis","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021050421273086700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi060","article-title":"Proper interpretation of non-differential misclassification effects: expectations vs observations","volume":"34","author":"Jurek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021050421273086700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1154108","article-title":"The ASA statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose","volume":"70","author":"Wasserstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021050421273086700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0149-3","article-title":"Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations","volume":"31","author":"Greenland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021050421273086700_ref8","author":"Rudolph"},{"key":"2021050421273086700_ref9","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"2008","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2021050421273086700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0147-y","article-title":"The impact of joint misclassification of exposures and outcomes on the results of epidemiologic research","volume":"5","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021050421273086700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr458","article-title":"Results on differential and dependent measurement error of the exposure and the outcome using signed directed acyclic graphs","volume":"175","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021050421273086700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa020","article-title":"Things don\u2019t always go as expected: the example of non-differential misclassification of exposure\u2014bias and error","volume":"189","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021050421273086700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu149","article-title":"Good practices for quantitative bias analysis","volume":"43","author":"Lash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaa232\/36201346\/kwaa232.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/190\/5\/900\/37798753\/kwaa232.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/190\/5\/900\/37798753\/kwaa232.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1620164396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/190\/5\/900\/5933814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaa232","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]}}}