{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:49:04Z","timestamp":1786963744786,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Observational studies of oseltamivir use and influenza complications could suffer from residual confounding. Using negative control risk periods and a negative control outcome, we examined confounding control in a health-insurance-claims\u2013based study of oseltamivir and influenza complications (pneumonia, all-cause hospitalization, and dispensing of an antibiotic). Within the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s Sentinel System, we identified individuals aged \u226518 years who initiated oseltamivir use on the influenza diagnosis date versus those who did not, during 3 influenza seasons (2014\u20132017). We evaluated primary outcomes within the following 1\u201330 days (the primary risk period) and 61\u201390 days (the negative control period) and nonvertebral fractures (the negative control outcome) within days 1\u201330. We estimated propensity-score\u2013matched risk ratios (RRs) per season. During the 2014\u20132015 influenza season, oseltamivir use was associated with a reduction in the risk of pneumonia (RR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70, 0.75) and all-cause hospitalization (RR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.55) in days 1\u201330. During days 61\u201390, estimates were near-null for pneumonia (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.15) and hospitalization (RR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98) but slightly increased for antibiotic dispensing (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.21). The RR for fractures was near-null (RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.20). Estimates for the 2016\u20132017 influenza season were comparable, while the 2015\u20132016 season had conflicting results. Our study suggests minimal residual confounding for specific outcomes, but results differed by season.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T12:17:57Z","timestamp":1643631477000},"page":"908-920","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating Confounding Control in Estimations of Influenza Antiviral Effectiveness in Electronic Health Plan Data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Phyo T","family":"Htoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Measer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Sorbello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah K","family":"Dutcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Cosgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Carruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengwee","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelle M","family":"Cocoros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022050522343268000_ref1","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"9218","key":"2022050522343268000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02288-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oseltamivir in treatment of acute influenza: a randomised controlled trial. 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