{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:19:28Z","timestamp":1785241168745,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005266","name":"Women\u2019s Health Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92021D00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92021D00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92021D00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92021D00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N92021D00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N92021D00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies have suggested that adults with gallbladder disease have increased risk of type 2 diabetes. This prospective cohort study assessed the risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women with gallbladder disease. Data from women enrolled in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative from 1993 to 2005, aged 50\u201379 years (mean = 63.2; standard deviation, 7.2), were analyzed. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the risk of type 2 diabetes associated with gallbladder disease. There were 8,896 new cases of type 2 diabetes after 1,025,486 person-years of follow-up. Gallbladder disease was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio = 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38,1.67). The observed risk of type 2 diabetes in women with both gallbladder disease and central obesity was 37% higher than expected (relative excess risk due to interaction = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.11,0.63) on the additive scale. The hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes associated with gallbladder disease were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.19,1.32) and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.34,1.63) in women with and without central obesity, respectively, on the multiplicative scale. Results of this study support further studies to determine whether interventions in older women with gallbladder disease would reduce type 2 diabetes risk, especially among those with central obesity. Future research should examine the pathophysiological basis of the association between gallbladder disease and type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T11:11:24Z","timestamp":1649934684000},"page":"1374-1382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gallbladder Disease and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Postmenopausal Women: A Women\u2019s Health Initiative Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Ako Adams","family":"Ako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne L","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy F","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Wactawski-Wende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aladdin H","family":"Shadyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bede N","family":"Nriagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazmus","family":"Saquib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Nassir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023030705270548000_","author":"Center for Disease Control","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0007","article-title":"Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2017","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-005-0051-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for gallstone disease: has the paradigm changed in the 21st century?","volume":"7","author":"Shaffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70456-7","article-title":"Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Everhart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"13","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198209233071305","article-title":"The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth","volume":"307","author":"Gracie","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.24","article-title":"Gallstones","volume":"2","author":"Lammert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-6806.119236","article-title":"Gallstones","volume":"19","author":"Njeze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger J Surg."},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","volume-title":"National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2007 Summary","author":"Hall","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.11.012","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and the risk of gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"30","author":"Aune","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp411","article-title":"Presence of gallstones or kidney stones and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"171","author":"Weikert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14801-2","article-title":"Gallstone disease and the risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.15384\/kjhp.2015.15.4.217","article-title":"A cohort study of gallstones and incidence of diabetes in a Korean population","volume":"15","author":"Suh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Heal Promot."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005690930325","article-title":"Pathological pancreatic exocrine function and duct morphology in patients with cholelithiasis","volume":"46","author":"Hardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.9.1073","article-title":"Pancreatic duct abnormalities in gall stone disease: an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic study","volume":"31","author":"Misra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.037192","article-title":"Gall stones and chronic pancreatitis: the black box in between","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000057","article-title":"Bile acids and the gut microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Ridlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.003","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088189","article-title":"Association of cholecystectomy with metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278040","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized trials","volume":"310","author":"Manson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.3.330","article-title":"Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease","volume":"293","author":"Cirillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1146","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy and type 2 diabetes prevention: evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications","volume":"38","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00545.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Salpeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1448-x","article-title":"Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Hormone Trial","volume":"47","author":"Margolis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00078-0","article-title":"Design of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials."},{"issue":"9 suppl","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00043-7","article-title":"Implementation of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative study design","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774508091749","article-title":"Validity of diabetes self-reports in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative: comparison with medication inventories and fasting glucose measurements","volume":"5","author":"Margolis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Trials."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.10.1331","article-title":"Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative cohort study","volume":"290","author":"McTiernan","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","volume-title":"Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults","author":"Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Obesity in Adults","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","volume-title":"Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010","author":"US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2010","edition":"7th Edition"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.12.016","article-title":"Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2010","volume":"113","author":"Guenther","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv241","article-title":"Multiple healthful dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"183","author":"Cespedes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2017.6.4.296","article-title":"Association between Healthy Eating Index-2010 and fetuin-A levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Roshanzamir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2006.10.009","article-title":"Test for additive interaction in proportional hazards models","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","volume-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","first-page":"733","article-title":"Additive interaction in survival analysis: use of the additive hazards model. Epidemiology","author":"Rod","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr218","article-title":"Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction","volume":"41","author":"Knol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2013-0005","article-title":"A tutorial on interaction","volume":"3","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Method"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2106","article-title":"Previous asbestos exposure and smoking habits in the county of Telemark, Norway\u2014a cross-sectional population study","volume":"12","author":"Hilt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Scand J Work."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1080\/003655299750024869","article-title":"Peptic ulcer bleeding: interaction between non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori infection, and the ABO blood group system","volume":"34","author":"Kuyvenhoven","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"8935","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90286-0","article-title":"Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation","volume":"344","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","first-page":"26","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Micic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.1.76","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001","volume":"289","author":"Mokdad","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","volume-title":"Epidemiology. An Introduction","author":"Rothman","year":"2002"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-4410-4","article-title":"Interaction: a word with two meanings creates confusion","volume":"20","author":"Ahlbom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.05.011","article-title":"How gut microbes talk to organs: the role of endocrine and nervous routes","volume":"5","author":"Cani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Metab."},{"key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"51","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.047","article-title":"Does the gut microbiome hold clues to obesity and diabetes?","volume":"23","author":"Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2016.1251308","article-title":"Post-cholecystectomy syndrome and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: past, present and future","volume":"10","author":"Tarnasky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023030705270548000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.19286","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"119","author":"Malka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwac074\/43993194\/kwac074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/191\/8\/1374\/49425881\/kwac074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/191\/8\/1374\/49425881\/kwac074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T06:56:05Z","timestamp":1726988165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/191\/8\/1374\/6569177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwac074","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]}}}