{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:55:02Z","timestamp":1790258102333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES028346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES028346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional studies of total gestational weight gain (GWG) and perinatal outcomes have used different approaches to operationalize GWG and adjust for duration of gestation. Using birth records from California (2007\u20132017), Nevada (2010\u20132017), and Oregon (2008\u20132017), we compared 3 commonly used approaches to estimate associations between GWG and cesarean delivery, small-for-gestational-age birth, and low birth weight (LBW): 1) the Institute of Medicine\u2013recommended GWG ranges at a given gestational week, 2) total weight gain categories directly adjusting for gestational age as a covariate, and 3) weight-gain-for-gestational-age z scores derived from an external longitudinal reference population. Among 5,461,130 births, the 3 methods yielded similar conclusions for cesarean delivery and small-for-gestational-age birth. However, for LBW, some associations based on z scores were in the opposite direction of methods 1 and 2, paradoxically suggesting that higher GWG increases risk of LBW. This was due to a greater proportion of preterm births among those with high z scores, and controlling for gestational age in the z score model brought the results in line with the other methods. We conclude that the use of externally derived GWG z scores based on ongoing pregnancies can yield associations confounded by duration of pregnancy when the outcome is strongly associated with gestational age at delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:28:06Z","timestamp":1658190486000},"page":"1687-1699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Outcome: A Comparison of Methods of Accounting for Gestational Age"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W 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