{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:18:29Z","timestamp":1709684309687},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Monitoring morbidity and mortality in resurgences of respiratory infections poses significant challenges, as shown by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). For example, case fatality rates and deaths attributed to specific respiratory pathogens are known to suffer from significant biases undermining their comparability through time and space. As a result, it is difficult to evaluate the protective effect of public health interventions or quantify the impact of a resurgence on the general population through direct recording of COVID-19 related deaths. To overcome these limitations, more robust, less-biased metrics, such as all-cause deaths, have been proposed for monitoring the effect of an epidemic over a population and over time. More specifically, metrics of excess mortality over time, which have been used for influenza surveillance in the past, are increasingly considered important for COVID-19 surveillance. Here, we discuss excess mortality surveillance focusing on standardized single-point and standardized cumulative metrics that allow comparability of excess mortality through space and time. We explain why z score allows for comparison of excess mortality between countries and different periods, while cumulative z score allows assessment of excess mortality over long periods. Our commentary reiterates the importance of standardized statistics of excess mortality for COVID-19 surveillance as we move toward a coexistence with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that will allow drawing conclusions from best practices in different health systems and different periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T08:07:47Z","timestamp":1680854867000},"page":"410-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Standardized Cumulative Metrics of Excess Mortality to Monitor Health System Resilience Throughout COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Virus Resurgences"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Gkikas","family":"Magiorkinis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10334","key":"2024030523362061900_ref1","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020\u201321","volume":"399","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet (North American ed)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024030523362061900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab027","article-title":"Data resource profile: COVerAGE-DB: a global demographic database of COVID-19 cases and deaths","volume":"50","author":"Riffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024030523362061900_ref3","first-page":"443","article-title":"Case fatality ratio of pandemic influenza","volume":"10","author":"Nishiura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref4","article-title":"Global excess deaths associated with COVID-19","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024030523362061900_ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantifying and communicating the burden of COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Cube","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref6","article-title":"Methods for estimating the excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref7","article-title":"Estimating mortality from COVID-19: scientific brief","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as of January 26, 2023","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024030523362061900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.24868","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients in South Africa during the COVID-19 Omicron wave compared with previous waves","volume":"327","author":"Maslo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10332","key":"2024030523362061900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00462-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the risks of hospitalisation and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants in England: a cohort study","volume":"399","author":"Nyberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10323","key":"2024030523362061900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00017-4","article-title":"Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa: a data linkage study","volume":"399","author":"Wolter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024030523362061900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00720-5","article-title":"Estimating disease severity of omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"22","author":"Sigal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref13","article-title":"Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012\/1: matched cohort study","volume":"372","author":"Challen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref14","article-title":"Work package 7 report a European algorithm for a common monitoring of mortality across Europe","author":"Gergonne"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024030523362061900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2307\/2983331","article-title":"A statistical algorithm for the early detection of outbreaks of infectious disease","volume":"159","author":"Farrington","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref16","article-title":"Graphs and maps","author":"EuroMOMO"},{"key":"2024030523362061900_ref17","article-title":"EuroMOMO Bulletin, week 44, 2022","author":"EuroMOMO"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024030523362061900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/096228020301200205","article-title":"Use of risk-adjusted CUSUM and RSPRT charts for monitoring in medical contexts","volume":"12","author":"Grigg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwad081\/55612662\/kwad081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/193\/3\/410\/56865508\/kwad081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/193\/3\/410\/56865508\/kwad081.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T23:28:52Z","timestamp":1709681332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/193\/3\/410\/7110033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwad081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]}}}