{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T10:36:49Z","timestamp":1792233409607,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>It is challenging to quantitatively measure the health vulnerability and risk factors of refugees and migrants residing outside of formal settlement settings. For hard-to-reach populations without available sampling frames, researchers have increasingly turned to novel sampling and statistical methods, like respondent-driven sampling (RDS). \u201cStandard\u201d RDS is typically conducted face-to-face at fixed sites. However, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, face-to-face survey methods and recruitment approaches posed high potential risk of virus transmission and infection, making remote RDS approaches optimal. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of implementing telephone and Internet RDS strategies to assess challenges faced by Venezuelan refugees and migrants in the city of Bogot\u00e1, Colombia\u2019s capital, and the department of Norte de Santander, the main Venezuelan-Colombian border crossing site. We describe RDS assumptions, survey design, formative research, and the implementation of both strategies and present diagnostics for determining whether assumptions are met. Phone-based recruitment strategies in both locations and the Internet strategy in Bogot\u00e1 achieved their calculated sample size; however, the Internet strategy in Norte de Santander did not. Most RDS assumptions were sufficiently met at sites where sample sizes were reached. These surveys provide valuable lessons for implementing innovative remote strategies with which to study hard-to-reach populations such as refugees and migrants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T11:01:24Z","timestamp":1684321284000},"page":"1613-1623","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Innovative Strategies for Remotely Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations: Assessing Phone Versus Internet Respondent-Driven Sampling Approaches Among Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Phuong N","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa G","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Keegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Vinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4 suppl","key":"2023100619214933400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9421-1","article-title":"Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Malekinejad","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023100619214933400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1346-5","article-title":"A systematic review of published respondent-driven sampling surveys collecting behavioral and biologic data","volume":"20","author":"Johnston","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"2023100619214933400_ref3","volume-title":"Applying Respondent Driven Sampling to Migrant Populations: Lessons From the Field","author":"Tyldum","year":"2014","edition":"1st"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100619214933400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11","article-title":"Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations","volume":"49","author":"Heckathorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc 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Probl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100619214933400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01208-x","article-title":"Telephone peer recruitment and interviewing during a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey: feasibility and field experience from the first phone-based RDS survey among men who have sex with men in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"21","author":"Inghels","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100619214933400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5258","article-title":"Including online-recruited seeds: a respondent-driven sample of men who have sex with men","volume":"18","author":"Lachowsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023100619214933400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.834","article-title":"Innovative recruitment using online networks: lessons learned from an online study of alcohol and other drug use utilizing a web-based, respondent-driven sampling (webRDS) strategy","volume":"73","author":"Bauermeister","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023100619214933400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049417","article-title":"Implementation of web-based respondent-driven sampling among men who have sex with men in Vietnam","volume":"7","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100619214933400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/17564","article-title":"Applications and recruitment performance of web-based respondent-driven sampling: scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Helms","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100619214933400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12059","article-title":"Diagnostics for respondent-driven sampling","volume":"178","author":"Gile","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc."},{"key":"2023100619214933400_ref14","volume-title":"Regional Information and Communication Needs Assessment: Understanding the Information and Communication Needs of Refugees and Migrants in the Venezuela Situation","author":"Regional Interagency Coordination Platform for Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela (R4V)","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023100619214933400_ref15","volume-title":"Summary. GIFMM Colombia: Joint Needs Assessment COVID-19. 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