{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T09:31:16Z","timestamp":1773480676268,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences, US National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1 GM118973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 GM118973"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C20\/A5860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C20\/A5860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012155","name":"National Institute for Medical Research Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["977283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["977283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Opiates can affect glucose metabolism and obesity, but no large prospective study (to our knowledge) has investigated the association between long-term opium use, body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)\/height (m)2), and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We analyzed prospective data from 50,045 Golestan Cohort Study participants in Iran (enrollment: 2004\u20132008). After excluding participants with preexisting diseases, including diabetes, we used adjusted Poisson regression models to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for T2DM in opium users compared with nonusers, using mediation analysis to assess the BMI-mediated association of opium use with incident T2DM. Of 40,083 included participants (mean age = 51.4 (standard deviation, 8.8) years; 56% female), 16% were opium users (median duration of use, 10 (interquartile range), 4\u201320) years). During follow-up (until January 2020), 5,342 incident T2DM cases were recorded, including 8.5% of opium users and 14.2% of nonusers. Opium use was associated with an overall decrease in incident T2DM (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.83, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.92), with a significant dose-response association. Most (84.3%) of this association was mediated by low BMI or waist circumference, and opium use did not have a direct association with incident T2DM (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.97, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.08). Long-term opium use was associated with lower incidence of T2DM, which was mediated by low body mass and adiposity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T22:16:53Z","timestamp":1691533013000},"page":"2050-2062","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association Between Incident Type 2 Diabetes and Opium Use: Mediation by Body Mass and Adiposity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Nalini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Poustchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Roshandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farin","family":"Kamangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Khoshnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdolsamad","family":"Gharavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Boffetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanford 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